Still babbling on about those reference ranges/guidelines LOL!
Starting to sound like all those other sheep!
Natty vs hypogonadal men on T therapy
Natty
Healthy functioning HPG-axis.
Every man has. a natty genetic set-point within the physiologic reference range other than those outliers as in men with high SHBG that would be hitting those 1000+ ng/dL T levels and even then depending on where their TT/SHBG sits its not a given that they are running around with a high peak FT.
Those natty men hitting that high peak FT would be those outliers.
Natural endogenous testosterone secretion is both pulsatile and diurnal.
Average daily production is 5-7 mg.
During the normal 24-hour circadian rhythm of a healthy young male T levels gradually rise overnight reach a peak in the early morning then decline throughout the day with lower levels in the late afternoon and a trough (lowest point) in the evening.
Fluctuations from peak--->trough are typically 20-25%
The daily morning peak is transient as in short-lived.
The men hitting those FT levels that fall in the upper limit of the reference range as in 25.3 ng/dL would be those outliers as in few and far between.
Those high values represent a transient morning peak not a level maintained throughout the day and sure as hell not a trough value.
There is a natural ebb and flow as the body was never meant to be AMPED up on T 24/7.
Hypogonadal on T therapy
Underlying HPG-axis dysfunction as in primary (testicular failure) or secondary (hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction).
Treatment with exogenous T will result in a strong suppression of the HPG-axis.
LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce ITT (intratesticular testosterone) and ITT/FSH stimulates the Sertoli/germ cells located inside the seminiferous tubule lobes to produce sperm.
When one uses exogenous testosterone/AAS it results in shut down of the HPG axis and the pituitary no longer secretes LH/FSH.
Lack of LH causes atrophy of the Leydig cells which are located between the seminiferous tubules and lack of ITT/FSH causes atrophy of the Sertoli/germ cells which are located inside the seminiferous tubules. The cells shrink and become dormant.
The body no longer produces endogenous testosterone and sperm production is halted.
The Leydig cells only make up 10-20% of testicular volume as oppose to the germ cells/seminiferous tubules (where sperm is produced) which make up almost 80% of the testicular volume so a majority of the shrinkage results from atrophy of the germ cells/seminiferous tubules.
Basically comes down to exogenous testosterone use results in significant suppression of spermatogenesis which leads to
testicular shrinkage as a majority of teste volume is made up of germ cells located in the tightly bundled seminiferous tubule lobes where sperm is produced.
Not only does FSH stimulate sperm production but ITT alone is also playing a strong role.
Regarding the use of hCG we can take it along with trt to maintain fertility/prevent
testicular shrinkage.
The use of hCG will mimic LH and result in stimulating the Leydig cells in the testes to produce ITT which will have a big impact on stimulating the Sertoli/germ cells located inside the seminiferous tubule lobes to produce sperm and this will cause an increase in testicular volume.
Even with exogenous T + hCG the hypothalamus and pituitary remain highly suppressed.
hCG bypasses the suppressed pituitary by mimicking LH at the testes but it does not restore normal GnRH, LH, or FSH secretion.
Top it off that T solo without the use of hCG may have a negative impact on our long-term overall health due to the negative impact on upstream hormones.
The role of gonadotropins in testicular and adrenal androgen biosynthesis pathways -insights from males with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on hCG/rFSH and on testosterone replacement (link thread end of post))
* A replacement regimen with combined hCG/rFSH mimics physiologic steroid hormone profiles better than a substitution with exogenous testosterone. The documented differences in steroid profiles on testosterone replacement in hypogonadal males with absent or severely reduced endogenous LH and FSH secretion may have long term consequences for health and wellbeing. Specifically, body composition, bone health, glucose, and lipid metabolism, salt and water balance, cognition, mood, sleep, and sexual function could be affected. The steroidogenic differences could also be relevant for gonadotropin-suppressive treatments with long-acting testosterone preparations in males with primary hypogonadism. To what extent this hypothesis is true, should be addressed in future clinical studies.
When using exogenous T the natural 24hr circadian rhythm is thrown out the window as no T modality other than the Androderm T-patch (evening application) would most closely mimic such.
Even daily TP would never mimic such.
Numerous formulations to choose from here whether (nasal, buccal, oral TU, transdermal (cream/gel), pellets, injectable esterified T).
The majority of men are using injectable esterified T and the most commonly used esters (TC/TE) which are basically interchangeable.
Again the majority of men on T can easily hit a healthy/high trough FT injecting 100-150 mg T especially when split into more frequent injections.
Some men can achieve stellar levels injecting 100 mg T/week especially when split into more frequent injections.
Always going to be those outliers that will who may need the higher-end dose 200 mg T/week but those men would be few and far between.
Depending on the protocol (dose/injection frequency) there can be an extreme difference between the peak--->trough.
Once weekly would result in a big swing between peak--->rough and blood levels will not be as stable throughout the week.
Increasing the injection frequency as in 3x weekly (M/W/F), 2x weekly (every 3.5 days), EOD or daily will clip the peak and bring up the trough and blood levels will be more stable throughout the week.
Injecting daily would result in a minimal peak--->trough and blood levels will be the most stable throughout the week.
Again there is a big difference between one hitting a high-end/high trough FT injecting once weekly vs twice-weekly vs daily.
Most men are aiming for a high-end high trough FT without even blinking an eye when it comes to injection frequency.
Huge difference between one hitting a high FT 25-30 ng/dL injecting daily or EOD. vs once weekly.
You have guys running around with absurdly high trough/steady-state FT levels well beyond their natty genetic set-point.
The body was never meant to be amped up on T 24/7 steady-state.
You are hammering the s**t out of your dopamine and CNS.
Yes you can make the case that when using exogenous T there are numerous factors that can play a role in what levels are needed in order to experience relief/improvement of low-T symptoms and overall well-being.
Everyone reacts differently to hormones due to genetics/sensitivity of the AR (androgen receptor), sensitivity of the ER (estrogen receptor), polymorphism of the AR and CAG repeat length (short/long).
This is a given.
Yes there is such a thing as AR DDS (distribution, density, sensitivity/polymorphisms).
When it comes to sensitivity of the AR, polymorphism of the AR/CAG repeat length (long/short) tread lightly when you speak on such especially when it comes to those so called gurus/experts preaching that everyone and their brother needs to be running these high/absurdly high trough FT levels 30-60 ng/dL in order to experience the beneficial effects of T!
Hope you understand that three of those top experts Dr. Mohit
Khera , Dr. Michael Zitzmann and Dr. Hugh Jones have tested a small number of their patients for CAG repeats (short/long) and hate to bust your bubble here but even in the men with the higher CAG repeats they did better with T levels in the HIGHER-NORMAL RANGE not SUPRA-PHYSIOLOGIC as in above/well above the upper limit.
Hope you understand that men with higher CAG repeats is not common.
Yes there are other things that come into play here when it comes to sensitivity of the AR but highly doubtful a man would need to be pushing their trough FT 40-60 ng//dL to overcome this.
The majority of men on therapy have never even needed to go well beyond the upper 1/3 and we are talking decades here!
Everyone caught up into thinking they need to be hitting high absurdly high troughs in order to experience relief/improvement in low-T symptoms let alone feel great overall!
It's a F**KING myth pushed by all those CLOWNS stinking up those so called men health/HRT forums!
You know those kiddie forums polluting the net!
Pure nonsense!
Seeing as it keeps going over your head here.
The reality of T physiology is thresholds, plateaus, and diminishing returns not a linear "more testosterone is better" dose-response.
T is a threshold hormone!
Main point here being start low and go slow titrate the dose if need be until the threshold is crossed (bloodwork + symptoms).
Symptoms improved while at the same time minimizing/avoiding sides, keeping blood markers healthy and maintaining long-term health is key here.
Crossing the threshold turns the lights on but cranking the dimmer switch past that doesn't make them shine brighter. It's a ceiling effect, not a linear dose-response.
Especially when it comes to libido and erectile function.
The majority of symptoms will be improved once you achieve a healthy FT which for most would be aiming for a healthy/high-end trough 15-25 ng/dL or better yet push it up to 30 ng/dL for all those BROZZZ!
Yes some will choose to run higher levels but the main benefit you are going to get here when driving up your FT sky-high is better gains in muscle/enhanced strength and recovery.
As I stated in one of my previous replies from this thread everyone of the top experts in the field that has been treating 1000s of men over decades (20-30 yrs) with VAST clinical experience and YEARS of RESEARCH in the field would tell you that the majority of men will do well on 100-150 mg T/week which would easily allow one to hit a healthy/high trough FT 15-30 ng/dL and more importantly relieve/improve every F**KING symptom of low-T.
Of course there will always be those outliers who would need the higher-end dose 200 mg T/week but they are few and far between.
The goal here would be to target the lowest effective dose that relieves symptoms and restores physiologic--->high-normal Free T trough levels (15-30 ng/dL).
The majority of low-T symptoms will be relieved/improved hitting a healthy trough FT as in 15-30 ng/dL or the upper 1/3rd.
With ease!
Again we are talking trough FT here!
Any expert truly in the know would tell you this.
You keep babbling on about reference ranges, genetics, blah, blah yet you seem to lack the understanding that all of those top experts would tell you its rare anyone would need to push a trough FT well beyond 30 ng/dL in order to relieve/improve every F**KING single symptom of low-T.
We are talking the majority here.
If you think one needs to hit these absurdly high trough FT levels to truly benefit from therapy then you need to give your head a shake and look elsewhere as T is not the problem here!
I and anyone truly in the know would tell you sleep, diet, exercise, thyroid/adrenals and stress (physical/mental) will have a far bigger impact when it comes to energy, mood, libido, erectile function and overall health than supposedly needing a high/absurdly high trough FT.
Plain and simple!
All that should really matter here is the dose one needs to achieve a healthy trough FT which will result in relief/improvement of low-T symptoms and overall well-being.
Yes symptom relief is what truly matters but when it comes to what FT level is needed one needs to keep in mind the overall goal would be to use the least amount in order to feel well while at the same time minimizing sides and keep blood markers healthy long-term.
Even if you threw the sides out the window and they were avoided when running higher levels the goal here was never to jack one up on T 24/7 steady-state.
Abe hitting the nail on the head here...RESTORATION OF ROBUST YOUTHFUL LEVELS!
Any man hitting a high trough FT is already well beyond robust youthful levels.
This needing to hit an absurdly high trough FT 40-60 ng/dL pushed by those sheep or so called gurus/experts is pure BULL S**T!
Again!
Coming from the guy who is highly regarded and would be considered the father of modern testosterone therapy.
He lectures all over the world!
Dr. Morgentaler
* what's important to understand though is that the concept of testosterone therapy in theory is designed to replicate youthful levels of testosterone to help people who are deficient in this hormone, the goal isn't to make them into supermen and the real question is why do people want to go above normal if at all, much of the concept of treating up lets say a 1000 let's say our normal upper limit, in the anti-aging community or age management community there are some people who believe the there's an optimal level of testosterone that may be 1200 or 1500 or even I've heard 1800 and the basis for that is WEAK!
Abe already toasted the myth that one needs to have high steady-state (24/7) or better yet a high trough FT in order to treat symptoms of low-T!
The newer oral TU formulations (Jatenzo, Tlando and Kyzatrex) put the f**king nail in the coffin here!
Dr. Morgentaler
Pros/Cons oral TU (51:24-57:12)
* one of the things that the orals have transformed is the concept that you have to have a continually high level of testosterone to get the benefits and clearly that's not true and the safety profile seems to be improved by having levels that fluctuate some during the day returning to close to or even baseline
*Optimal results often require T values in the upper range of normal (T 600-900 ng/dL)
View attachment 57555
What is that Abe?
Oh yeah, those so-called gurus (hint hint) claiming that everyone and their brother that they treat need to be running trough TT 1200-1800 ng/dL (or higher LOL) with sky-high FT to experience relief/improvement of low-T symptoms due to testosterone resistance let alone being cursed with that polymorphism of the AR/gene CAG repeat lengths >24.
Teflon testosterone-resistant BRUH, stricken with that longer CAG repeat length BRUH!
LMFAO!
Let that sink in your DOME!
*Some groups target T levels 1200-1800 ng/dL
*Supraphysiological/pharmacological rather than restoration of robust youthful levels
View attachment 57556
Have every lecture!
Link to some of them.
Excel is littered with AM!
Agri Meetings is a member of Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them.
vimeo.com
Where are those trough TT 1000+ or 1500-2000 ng/dL with trough FT 40-60 ng/dL?
LMFAO!
Again the only men that would ever need to venture well beyond TT 1000 ng/dL would be the men with high SHBG!
* However some men won't achieve adequate response until total T in upper levels of normal 650-1000 ng/dL
View attachment 57557
Hitting the nail on the head here!
* The panel unpacks why “normal ranges” don’t fit every individual, highlighting genetic differences in androgen receptor sensitivity (CAG repeats) and the need to tailor treatment to symptoms and biology rather than numbers alone.
Hugh Jones laying it out for ya!
HIGHER NORMAL RANGE not SUPRA-PHYSIOLOGIC as in over/well over the upper-limit!
Take home point!
* We've also shown that when testosterone is given, if someone has a high CAG repeat, which is low sensitivity, they don't respond unless you get the testosterone in the HIGHER NORMAL RANGE.
4:20-6:07
* so we have been developing a blood test which is a testosterone CAG repeat ratio. So the higher your testosterone and your lower your CAG repeat you will have a higher sensitivity of androgenization. So that's how you can work it out. We've also shown that when testosterone is given, if someone has a high CAG repeat, which is low sensitivity, they don't respond unless you get the testosterone in the HIGHER NORMAL RANGE.
Hitting the nail on the head here!
* The panel unpacks why “normal ranges” don’t fit every individual, highlighting genetic differences in androgen receptor sensitivity (CAG repeats) and the need to tailor treatment to symptoms and biology rather than numbers alone.
4:20-6:07
* so we have been developing a blood test which is a testosterone CAG repeat ratio. So the higher your testosterone and your lower your CAG repeat you will have a higher sensitivity of androgenization. So that's how you can work it out. We've also shown that when testosterone is given...
Dr. Zitzmann one of the true heavyweights in the field!
Worked under the grandmaster of testosterone the legendary Professor Eberhard Nieschlag!
* Dr. Michael Zitzmann, a prominent researcher in andrology and reproductive endocrinology, has made substantial contributions to elucidating the functional and clinical implications of the CAG trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene on the X chromosome. This polymorphism encodes a variable polyglutamine tract in the AR protein's N-terminal domain, which inversely modulates the receptor's transcriptional activity: shorter repeats enhance AR transactivation, while longer repeats attenuate it, leading to subtle variations in androgen sensitivity even within normal testosterone ranges.
* CAG repeats, I would say, were discovered in the 90s and in fact that was one of my research areas the androgen receptors and also still when I started here at the university in Munster in 2001, the first research over many years was always about the androgen receptor. In fact, this field was also founded by me with a few people, of course, that we discovered it. That has a clinical significance, not every man is the same and not the testosterone level, you can't lump them all together
00:25:00 Androgen receptor: CAG repeats
* the androgen receptor has a gene that is located on the x chromosomes we get in men, so they were all supplied by our mother and there are areas that are different for each person called CAG repeats. The longer this area is in the gene, the larger the gap in the receptor where the testosterone can bind, so to speak. You can imagine this lock. It may also be a bit hard or worn out in some people where testosterone doesn't work as well in those where it fits exactly, you can't change it, it's genetically predetermined for us and if the body is healthy it regulates it on its own. If you now have a bad receptor, you also produce more testosterone, but of course someone can then slip into a testosterone deficiency if their receptor is not okay
* the receptor density by the way, is very difficult to measure, CAG repeats, I would say, were discovered in the 90s and in fact that was one of my research areas the androgen receptors and also still when I started here at the university in Munster in 2001, the first research over many years was always about the androgen receptor. In fact, this field was also founded by me with a few people, of course, that we discovered it. That has a clinical significance, not every man is the same and not the testosterone level, you can't lump them all together
* we don't always measure the CAG repeats, that's a genetic test, it's terribly expensive , cost around €300 and only has to be determined once in a lifetime because that doesn't change, but we don't do it routinely for every patient
Stellar interview with one of the top experts in the field!
We need an english version LOL!
Painstaking relying on the subtitles!
Professor Michael Zitzmann one of the most knowledgeable men when it comes to the androgen receptor/polymorphism of the AR/CAG repeat length (long/short).
Been at this for decades!
Treated 1000s of men to boot!
*CAG repeats, I would say, were discovered in the 90s and in fact that was one of my research areas the androgen receptors and also still when I started here at the university in Munster in 2001, the first research over many years was...
*Average number of CAG repeats found was 23 ± 3.1, which is within the normal range as described by current literature
* Half of the patients (n=8) had [EF] subscores <14, indicating erectile dysfunction. However, Wilcoxon testing reveals that this difference is not significantly less than the cutoff (p=0.4375), a result likely due to the small sample size. These findings are consistent with the literature, which suggests that a correlation between CAG repeat length and erectile function only exists in eugonadal men.
* These data suggest that CAG repeat...
As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establishing both physical and behavioral sex differences. The AR gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that is related to the strength of androgen actions on target tissues and that is correlated with various health-related conditions, especially prostate cancer and infertility. Some studies have also linked the number of AR CAG repeats with behavioral and mental health factors. The present study provides a tabulated summary of the average number of AR...
* Based on a total sample of 57,826 males occupying 78 countries, the overall average number of AR CAG repeats was found to be 21.40. National averages ranged from 17.00 to 23.16.
Can see it now on all those bro forums everyone and their brother claiming that they need to be running absurdly high trough FT levels due to the sensitivity of the AR and being cursed with gene CAG repeat lengths >24.
LMFAO!
* Based on a total sample of 57,826 males occupying 78 countries, the overall average number of AR CAG repeats was found to be 21.40. National averages ranged from 17.00 to 23.16.
As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establishing both physical and behavioral sex differences. The AR gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that is related to the strength of androgen actions on target tissues and that is correlated with...
www.excelmale.com
...
The same applies to androgen receptor gene CAG repeat lengths >24 in the presence of symptoms and normal testosterone levels may be considered as a state of preclinical TD [93]
* In humans, the AR gene comes in many forms, called alleles. The best-studied alleles are those involving a CAG repeat sequence that encodes a polyglutamine tract near the amino end of the androgen receptor. This CAG repeat has different lengths for different people. In humans, the number of AR CAG repeats ranges from as few as 9 to as many as 36, but population averages are typically between 17 and 24 (Chamberlain et al., 1994; Hsiao et al., 1999; Irvine et al., 2000; La Spada et al., 1991). Individuals with higher numbers of AR CAG repeats will normally have diminished testosterone action on cellular functioning, effectively making males with high AR CAG repeats less masculine regarding most sexually dimorphic traits when compared to males with fewer AR CAG repeats (Loehlin et al., 2004; Simanainen et al., 2011)
* Based on a total sample of 57,826 males occupying 78 countries, the overall average number of AR CAG repeats was found to be 21.40. National averages ranged from 17.00 to 23.16. Five countries had averages in the 17.00s; they were Swaziland (17.00), Zambia (17.00), Sierra Leone (17.30), Nigeria (17.58), and Senegal (17.90). Five countries had averages of 23.00 or higher; they were Lithuania (23.00), Mongolia (23.00), Ireland (23.07), Thailand (23.10), and Romania (23.16).
As the mediator of androgen actions, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in establishing both physical and behavioral sex differences. The AR gene contains a CAG repeat polymorphism that is related to the strength of androgen actions on target tissues and that is correlated with various health-related conditions, especially prostate cancer and infertility. Some studies have also linked the number of AR CAG repeats with behavioral and mental health factors. The present study provides a tabulated summary of the average number of AR...
A replacement regimen with combined hCG/rFSH mimics physiologic steroid hormone profiles better than a substitution with exogenous testosterone. The documented differences in steroid profiles on testosterone replacement in hypogonadal males with absent or severely reduced endogenous LH and FSH secretion may have long term consequences for health and wellbeing. Specifically, body composition, bone health, glucose, and lipid metabolism, salt and water balance, cognition, mood, sleep, and sexual function could be affected. The steroidogenic differences could also be relevant for gonadotropin-suppressive treatments with long-acting testosterone preparations in males with primary hypogonadism. To what extent this hypothesis is true, should be addressed in future clinical studies.
The role of gonadotropins in testicular and adrenal androgen biosynthesis pathways -insights from males with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on hCG/rFSH and on testosterone replacement
SUMMARY
Objective: To delineate the role of gonadotropins in male androgen biosynthesis pathways
Design: Case-control study
Patients and measurements: 25 males with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) underwent hCG/rFSH and testosterone treatment sequentially. Serum steroid hormone profiles (testosterone precursors and metabolites) on both...