Metformin potential COVID-19 therapeutic agent

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Metformin has been identified as a potential COVID-19 therapeutic agent because of its possible action against the proteins that are involved in translation, its antiviral activity in vitro, and its anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities.

 
  1. Karam BS, Morris RS, Bramante CT, et al. mTOR inhibition in COVID-19: a commentary and review of efficacy in RNA viruses. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):1843-1846. Available at: mTOR inhibition in COVID-19: A commentary and review of efficacy in RNA viruses - PubMed.
  2. Del Campo JA, García-Valdecasas M, Gil-Gómez A, et al. Simvastatin and metformin inhibit cell growth in hepatitis C virus infected cells via mTOR increasing PTEN and autophagy. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191805. Available at: Simvastatin and metformin inhibit cell growth in hepatitis C virus infected cells via mTOR increasing PTEN and autophagy - PubMed.
  3. Postler TS, Peng V, Bhatt DM, Ghosh S. Metformin selectively dampens the acute inflammatory response through an AMPK-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18721. Available at: Metformin selectively dampens the acute inflammatory response through an AMPK-dependent mechanism - PubMed.
  4. Xin G, Wei Z, Ji C, et al. Metformin uniquely prevents thrombosis by inhibiting platelet activation and mtDNA release. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36222. Available at: Metformin Uniquely Prevents Thrombosis by Inhibiting Platelet Activation and mtDNA Release - PubMed.
  5. Li Y, Yang X, Yan P, et al. Metformin in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:704666. Available at: Metformin in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PubMed.
  6. Bramante CT, Buse J, Tamaritz L, et al. Outpatient metformin use is associated with reduced severity of COVID-19 disease in adults with overweight or obesity. J Med Virol. 2021;93(7):4273-4279. Available at: Outpatient metformin use is associated with reduced severity of COVID-19 disease in adults with overweight or obesity - PubMed.
  7. Luo P, Qiu L, Liu Y, et al. Metformin treatment was associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes in a retrospective analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(1):69-72. Available at: Metformin Treatment Was Associated with Decreased Mortality in COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in a Retrospective Analysis - PubMed.
  8. Reis G, Dos Santos Moreira Silva EA, Medeiros Silva DC, et al. Effect of early treatment with metformin on risk of emergency care and hospitalization among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomized platform clinical trial. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;6:100142. Available at: Effect of early treatment with metformin on risk of emergency care and hospitalization among patients with COVID-19: The TOGETHER randomized platform clinical trial - PubMed.
  9. Bramante CT, Huling JD, Tignanelli CJ, et al. Randomized trial of metformin, ivermectin, and fluvoxamine for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(7):599-610. Available at: Randomized Trial of Metformin, Ivermectin, and Fluvoxamine for Covid-19 - PubMed.
 

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TRT Hormone Predictor

Predict estradiol, DHT, and free testosterone levels based on total testosterone

⚠️ Medical Disclaimer

This tool provides predictions based on statistical models and should NOT replace professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your TRT protocol.

ℹ️ Input Parameters

Normal range: 300-1000 ng/dL

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Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038

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