Latest developments in Parkinson's disease biomarkers

madman

Super Moderator

Andrea Pilotto, MD, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, explains the major ongoing research regarding digital and fluid biomarkers for use in Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostication. There is a huge interest in seed amplification assays (RT-QuIC) that detect misfolded ɑ-synuclein in the CSF, as they have demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. However, its ability to detect ɑ-synuclein in PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), as well as other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, limits its use for PD differential diagnosis. Although some reports are conflicting, neurofilament light (NfL) appears to be useful in discriminating between typical and atypical parkinsonisms, as well as providing prognostic information on cognitive and motor progression. However, NfL does not change much over time in PD, and therefore there is still research into new markers in plasma that are able to track the neurodegenerative process, especially in prodromal phases. Digital technology able to detect subtle changes in motor performance that are not otherwise visible is also promising in this space. This interview took place at the AD/PD™ 2023 Congress in Gothenburg, Sweden.
 

hCG Mixing Calculator

HCG Mixing Protocol Calculator

TRT Hormone Predictor Widget

TRT Hormone Predictor

Predict estradiol, DHT, and free testosterone levels based on total testosterone

⚠️ Medical Disclaimer

This tool provides predictions based on statistical models and should NOT replace professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your TRT protocol.

ℹ️ Input Parameters

Normal range: 300-1000 ng/dL

Predicted Hormone Levels

Enter your total testosterone value to see predictions

Results will appear here after calculation

Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038

Beyond Testosterone Podcast

Online statistics

Members online
0
Guests online
134
Total visitors
134

Latest posts

Back
Top