Icariin Improves Age-Related Testicular Dysfunction by Alleviating Sertoli Cell Injury via Upregulation of the ERα/Nrf2-Signaling Pathway - PMC
Sertoli cells play crucial roles in spermatogenesis and are impaired by aging. Icariin, a flavonoid from Epimedium, has been reported to exhibit anti-aging effects and improve testicular dysfunction in the clinical setting. However, whether icariin ...
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Abstract
Sertoli cells play crucial roles in spermatogenesis and are impaired by aging. Icariin, a flavonoid from Epimedium, has been reported to exhibit anti-aging effects and improve testicular dysfunction in the clinical setting. However, whether icariin improves age-related degeneration of testicular function via protection from Sertoli cell injury remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of icariin on Sertoli cell injury and explored the possible mechanism(s) in vivo and in vitro. Dietary administration of icariin for 4 months significantly ameliorated the age-related decline in testicular function by increasing testicular and epididymal weights and indices, sperm count and sperm viability, testicular testosterone and estradiol concentrations, and seminiferous tubule diameters and heights. In addition, icariin protected age-related Sertoli cells from injury as evidenced by an analysis of Sertoli cell number, ultrastructure, and function. Such changes were accompanied by upregulation of ERα and Nrf2 signaling in Sertoli cells. Parallel in vitro studies also demonstrated that icariin inhibited untoward effects on the TM4 mouse Sertoli cell line with concomitant upregulation of ERα and Nrf2 signaling. Conversely, ERα siRNA reversed icariin-mediated protection of Sertoli cell injury. Our data suggest that icariin effectively ameliorates age-related degeneration of testicular function by alleviating Sertoli cell injury via the ERα/Nrf2 signal-transduction pathway. Thus, mitigating Sertoli cell damage via the ERα/Nrf2 signaling pathway likely represents a promising strategy for the prevention of age-related testicular dysfunction.Introduction
The Sertoli cell is the key somatic cell in the testis that facilitates testis formation and spermatogenesis by producing various proteins, including glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and stem cell factor (SCF) (França et al., 2016; Vogl et al., 2018). These factors promote spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) self-renewal and differentiation to ensure that spermatogonia develop into mature spermatozoa. Previous studies have suggested that Sertoli cells injury—including the loss of Sertoli cells’ number and function—is directly related to degeneration of testicular reproductive function with aging (Johnson et al., 1984; Anderson, 2000). Clinical studies have shown that abnormal changes in Sertoli cell morphology are observed with increasing age and that these changes are accompanied by a significant reduction in levels of proteins secreted by Sertoli cells, loss of germ cells, and increased germ cell apoptosis (Tenover et al., 1988; Jiang et al., 2014). Furthermore, the ultrastructure of Sertoli cells in the aging human testis showed that there are abundant lipid droplets, large cytoplasmic vacuoles filled with an amorphous material, numerous mitochondria that display tubular cristae, and loose endoplasmic reticula (Paniagua et al., 1985; Jiang et al., 2014). Thus, protecting Sertoli cells from injury during aging represents an effective strategy for age-related dysfunction of the testis.Estrogen and estrogen receptors (including the classical estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 [GPER]) have been reported to be important for the proliferation and function of Sertoli cells (Lucas et al., 2008; Lucas et al., 2011). A previous study showed that ERα and ERβ promoted Sertoli cell proliferation and that GPER—but not ERα and ERβ—modulated gene expression involved with Sertoli cell apoptosis (Royer et al., 2012). Clinical studies have found that estradiol levels declined with aging in humans (Carreau et al., 2004) and that ERα expression diminished in Sertoli cells of men with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia (Han et al., 2009). Furthermore, estrogen-dependent ERα signaling is essential for germ cell viability, most likely through Sertoli cell functioning (Sinkevicius et al., 2009). Investigators have also recently found that the concentration of estrogen and the expression of ERα are also significantly decreased in the testis of naturally aging rats and mice (Banerjee et al., 2012; Clarke and Pearl, 2014). Conversely, exogenous estrogen treatment attenuated the age-related loss in ERα expression and sperm production in naturally aging rats, although ERβ expression was not altered during aging or after treatment with estrogen (Clarke and Pearl, 2014). Therefore, estrogen and ERα might be important for Sertoli cell survival and function. However, whether estrogen and ERα exert protective effects with respect to Sertoli cell injury due to aging has not yet been elucidated.
The nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-signaling pathway, a key cellular protective signaling pathway against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chronic oxidative stress, has been frequently shown to be inactivated with aging and is hypothesized to be an appealing therapeutic target of aging and various age-related diseases, including age-related testicular dysfunction and age-related macular degeneration (Chapple et al., 2012; Salomon et al., 2013; Aydın et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2015). Several lines of evidence suggest that estrogen via its receptors induces rapid activation of Nrf2 in different systems to avoid cell injury. For example, 17β-estradiol upregulates the Nrf2 pathway via activation of the estrogen receptor to suppress light-induced rat retinal degeneration (Zhu et al., 2015), and S-(−)equol induces endothelial cell survival by activation of the Nrf2 pathway via ERα and ERβ (Zhang et al., 2013). Recent studies have also suggested that the Nrf2 signaling pathway—including Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) expression levels—and SOD activity are decreased, whereas MDA content was increased in injury models using TM4 mouse Sertoli cells that are induced by zearalenone, cadmium, and 1,3-dinitrobenzeneb (Oh et al., 2010; Long et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018). Collectively, we speculated that ERα-mediated signaling via Nrf2 was likely to be a potent positive regulator in the maintenance of Sertoli cell survival and function. Thus, therapeutic approaches targeting the ERα/Nrf2 signaling pathway could represent a novel strategy to counteract Sertoli cell injury with aging.
Epimedium, a traditional Chinese herb, has been widely used in China for thousands of years as a natural drug for male reproductive dysfunction and aging (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2015), and its principal bioactive ingredient is icariin (Wu et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014). Icariin has been reported to promote proliferation of primary rat Sertoli cells (Nan et al., 2014) and attenuate microcystin-LR-induced Sertoli cell injury in vitro (Zhou et al., 2019). Importantly, icariin improved Sertoli cell function and increased epididymal sperm count in male rats (Chen et al., 2014). These results suggest that icariin plays important roles in protection from Sertoli cell injury. However, the protective effects of icariin on an age-related decline in testicular function and its underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. In particular, the possible protective effects of icariin on Sertoli cell injury via the ERα/Nrf2 signaling pathway are poorly understood.
In the present study, we therefore evaluated the protective effect of icariin on the decline in testicular function using a naturally aging rat model. We then elucidated the protective effects of icariin on Sertoli cell injury as mediated by the ERα/Nrf2 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. We expect that our present findings will lead to a new preventive strategy to be used against age-related decline in testicular function.
Results
Icariin Ameliorates the Decline in Testicular Function in Aging Rats
To investigate whether icariin ameliorates the decline in testicular function with increasing age, we first measured the weights and other indices of the testis and epididymis for each group. As shown in Figures 1A–D, testicular and epididymal weights and their indices in the aging model group were significantly decreased compared to the adult control group. However, icariin significantly increased testicular and epididymal weights and their indices in aging rats. Furthermore, icariin markedly increased sperm count and sperm viability (Figures 1E, F). We then assayed the levels of testicular testosterone and found that they were significantly decreased in the aging model group compared to the adult control group (Figure 1G). Conversely, icariin significantly increased testosterone levels.Icariin ameliorates the decline in testicular function in aging rats. (A) Testicular weight. (B) Testicular index. (C) Epididymal weight. (D) Epididymal index. (E) Sperm count. (F) Sperm viability. (G) Testicular testosterone concentrations. (H) Testicular histology. Representative images of haematoxylin and eosin staining. Upper panels indicate the alterations of several seminiferous tubules (original magnification, 100×; scale bar = 500 μm). Lower panels correspond to magnified boxed areas (original magnification, 400×; scale bar = 100 μm). (I) Seminiferous tubule diameter. (J) Seminiferous tubule height. Seminiferous tubule diameters and seminiferous tubule heights were measured using Image J software for more than 200 tubules per animal, with 5–8 rats in each group. Data are presented as means ± SEM. #P< 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus adult control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus aging model group.
Finally, to further clarify the preventive effect of icariin on the decline in testicular function with aging, we assessed histologic alterations in the testis. Tissue sections from adult rats showed that germ cells at different stages in seminiferous tubules were arranged in typical fashion and that spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were at the basement membrane (Figure 1H). However, the numbers of germ cells were reduced and most of the seminiferous tubules were loosely packed in aging rats. Further analysis revealed that seminiferous tubule diameters and heights were significantly decreased in the aging model group, indicative of fewer germ cells in the tubules (Figures 1I, J). In contrast, administration of icariin delayed the degeneration of spermatogenesis with aging and significantly increased tubular diameters and epithelial heights. These results suggested that icariin was effective in delaying functional decline in the testis of aged rats.
Icariin Alleviates Sertoli Cell Injury In Vivo and In Vitro
Sertoli cells play an important role in the regulation of spermatogenesis (Johnson et al., 2008). However, Sertoli cells are negatively impacted by aging, including manifesting abnormal morphologic structure, number, and function (Johnson et al., 1984; Paniagua et al., 1985; Tenover et al., 1988; Anderson, 2000; Jiang et al., 2014). To determine whether icariin protects against Sertoli cell injury with aging, we first used SOX9 as a Sertoli cell marker to measure Sertoli cell numbers in the testis from aged rats. As shown in Figure 2A, we found that the numbers of Sertoli cells per seminiferous tubule were significantly reduced in the aging group when compared with the adult controls; in contrast, the numbers of Sertoli cells in the icariin-treated group were significantly increased. We then investigated the effects of icariin on the ultrastructure of Sertoli cells in aging rats, which shows in Figure 2B that Sertoli cells in aging rats contained abundant cytoplasmic vacuoles, expanded endoplasmic reticula, and numerous mitochondria displaying tubular cristae. However, icariin, to some extent, improved the ultrastructure of Sertoli cells. Finally, we determined the protective effects of icariin on Sertoli cell function using western blotting analysis and found that icariin significantly increased the relative protein expression levels of GDNF, PLZF, BMP4, and SCF (Figure 2C).Icariin protects against testicular Sertoli cell injury in aging rats. (A) The numbers of Sertoli cells in testicular tissue. Anti-SOX9 rabbit-polyclonal antibody (red) was used to detect Sertoli cell numbers, and DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining (original magnification, 400×). Sertoli cell numbers were measured using Image J software for more than 80 tubules per animal, with 5–8 rats in each group. (B) The ultrastructure of Sertoli cell in testicular tissues was examined using a Hitachi H-7500 transmission electron microscopy (original magnification, 20,000×; scale bar = 800 nm). These electronmicrographs are representative of three independent experiments. Nu, nuclei; M, mitochondria. Black arrowheads indicate endoplasmic reticulum. (C) The relative protein expression levels of GDNF, PLZF, BMP4, and SCF in testicular tissues were detected using western immunoblotting analysis. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 versus adult control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus aging model group.
The number and function of cells in the mouse Sertoli cell line TM4 were decreased by D-gal (Supplementary Figures S1 and S2) (Chen et al., 2018), suggesting that these cells might be a model for Sertoli-cell injury associated with aging. Therefore, we used the models to evaluate whether icariin attenuates Sertoli cell injury and found that icariin increased cellular viability in a concentration-dependent manner at 0.01–1 μM, and then caused cellular toxicity (Figure 3A), suggesting icariin displayed hormetic dose response characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition. Thus, we selected 0.5 and 1 μM icariin in the next experiments. As shown in Figures 3B, C, we found that icariin significantly inhibited cellular senescence of TM4 cells stimulated by D-gal. As expected, icariin also significantly increased the function of D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells as evidenced by western blotting analysis (Figure 3D). These data indicated that icariin protected Sertoli cells from injury due to aging.
Icariin alleviates TM4 cells injury induced by D-galactose (D-gal). (A) Cellular viability was detected using MTT assay. TM4 cells at a concentration of 3 × 104 cells/well in 96-well plates were pretreated with icariin (0.01–8 μM) or DMSO (0.1%) for 20 h and then incubated with 100 mM D-gal for 60 h. (B–D) TM4 cells at 5 × 105/well in 6-well plates were pretreated with icariin (0.5–1 μM) for 20 h and then incubated with 100 mM of D-gal for 60 h. (B) Representative images of SA-β-gal staining of cells (scale bar = 50 μm). (C) The percentages of SA-β-gal-positive cells from a total of 500 cells. (D) The relative protein expression levels of GDNF, PLZF, BMP4, and SCF were measured using western blotting analysis. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. ##P < 0.01 versus control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus D-gal-stimulated group.
ERα Signaling Is Involved in the Protective Action of Icariin in Sertoli Cell Injury
Estrogen and its receptor ERα have been reported to promote Sertoli cell proliferation and facilitate Sertoli cell function during the process of spermatogenesis (Sneddon et al., 2005; Sinkevicius et al., 2009; Royer et al., 2012). Therefore, we investigated whether icariin affected estrogen levels and ERα expression in the testis. As shown in Figures 4A, B, the levels of estradiol in the aging testis were significantly diminished, and the expression of ERα in Sertoli cells appeared to be attenuated in the aging group compared to the adult controls. Conversely, icariin significantly increased estradiol levels and enhanced ERα expression in Sertoli cells. In addition, icariin enhanced ERα expression in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, suggesting that estrogen and its receptor ERα are important for the maintenance of normal spermatogenesis and overall homeostasis.Icariin alleviates Sertoli cell injury via ERα signaling. (A) Testicular estradiol concentrations were measured using ELISA kits. Each value represents the mean ± SEM with 5–6 rats per group. #P < 0.05, versus adult control group; **P < 0.01 versus aging model group. (B) Co-localization of Alexa Fluor 488-labeled ERα (green) with Alexa Fluro 594-labeled SOX9 (red) in the testis was detected with a Nikon A1R+ confocal microscope. Upper panels indicate one intact seminiferous tubule (original magnification, 400×). Lower panels correspond to magnified boxed areas (original magnification, 800×). White arrows indicate colocalization of ERα and SOX9 in Sertoli cells. These photomicrographs are representative of three independent experiments. (C) The relative protein expression levels of ERα in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells were measured by western blotting. TM4 cells at 5 × 105/well in 6-well plates were pretreated with or without icariin (0.5–1 μM) or DMSO (0.1%) for 20 h, and then incubated with 100 mM D-gal for 60 h. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. (D, E) TM4 cells at 1 × 106/well in 6-well plates transferred with or without ERα siRNA were incubated with icariin (1 μM) or DMSO (0.1%) for 20 h, followed by treatment with 100 mM D-gal for 60 h. (D) Representative images of SA-β-gal staining of cells (left; scale bar = 50 μm), and the percentages of SA-β-gal-positive cells from a total of 500 cells (right). (E) The relative protein expression levels of ERα, GDNF, PLZF, BMP4, and SCF in TM4 cells were measured by western blotting analysis. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus D-gal-stimulated group; ^P < 0.05, ^^P < 0.01 versus icariin-treated group.
To further test the effects of icariin on ERα signaling in Sertoli cells, we also examined the alterations in ERα expression levels in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells. As shown in Figure 4C, icariin significantly increased the relative protein expression levels of ERα. To further test whether ERα was involved in the protective effects of icariin on Sertoli cell injury, we transfected TM4 cells with siRNA against ERα and found that ERα silencing abrogated the icariin-mediated positive effect (Figures 4D, E). These results indicated that icariin attenuated Sertoli cell injury, at least partially via upregulation of ERα signaling.
Nrf2 Signaling Pathway Is Also Involved in the Protective Action of Icariin on Sertoli Cell Injury
It has been reported that inhibition of the Nrf2-signaling pathway causes Sertoli cell injury (Oh et al., 2010; Long et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018). In testicular Sertoli cells in vivo we found that icariin indeed upregulated Nrf2 expression in Sertoli cells of aging rats (Figure 5A). We also found that icariin increased the expression of Nrf2 in spermatogenic cells, augmented SOD activity, and decreased MDA content in the testis (Figures 5A–C). Similarly, icariin significantly promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increased protein expression levels of Nrf2 and downstream signaling molecules such as HO-1 and NQO-1 in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells (Figures 5D, E). Commensurately, the production of ROS was inhibited by icariin in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells (Figure 5F). Interestingly, TM4 cells underwent cell death when Nrf2 was silenced after treatment with D-gal. Thus, we tested the functional changes in TM4 cells transfected with Nrf2 siRNA without D-gal and icariin treatment and found that Nrf2 silencing significantly inhibited Sertoli cell function (Supplementary Figure S3). These results indirectly indicated that icariin attenuated Sertoli cell injury by upregulating Nrf2 signaling.Icariin activates Nrf2 signaling in Sertoli cells. (A) Colocalization of Alexa Fluor 488-labeled Nrf2 (green) with Alexa Fluro 594-labeled SOX9 (red) in testis was examined with a Nikon A1R+ confocal microscope. Upper panels indicate one intact seminiferous tubule (original magnification, 400×). Lower panels correspond to magnified boxed areas (original magnification, 800×). White arrows indicate co-localization of Nrf2 and SOX9. These photomicrographs are representative of three independent experiments. (B) Activity of SOD. (C) Content of MDA. Each value represents the means ± SEM, with 5–6 rats in each group. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 versus adult control group; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus aging model group. (D–F) TM4 cells were pretreated with icariin (0.5–1 μM) or DMSO (0.1%) for 12 h, and then incubated with 100 mM D-gal for 60 h. (D) The relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 in TM4 cells were measured by western blotting analysis. (E) Representative images of Nrf2 using immunofluorescence (scale = 50 μm). (F) Intracellular ROS levels were measured using flow cytometry. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus D-gal-stimulated group.
Icariin Alleviates Sertoli Cell Injury via the ERα/Nrf2-Signaling Pathway
ERα has been demonstrated to protect cells from injury through Nrf2 activation (Ishii and Warabi, 2019). Thus, we further wished to uncover whether icariin attenuated Sertoli cell injury via ERα-mediated activation of the Nrf2-signaling pathway. We found that ERα siRNA significantly decreased Nrf2 expression (Supplementary Figure S3) and reversed the increase in Nrf2 signaling activated by icariin in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells (Figure 6). Collectively, these data suggested that icariin alleviated Sertoli cell injury by activating Nrf2 signaling via ERα.Icariin protects against TM4 cells injury via the ERα/Nrf2 signaling pathway. TM4 cells at 1 × 106/well in 6-well plates transferred with or without ERα siRNA were incubated with icariin (1 μM) or DMSO (0.1%) for 12 h, followed by treatment with 100 mM D-gal for 60 h. (A) The relative protein expression levels of ERα, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 in TM4 cells as described above were measured by western blotting analysis. All values are expressed as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 versus control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus D-gal-stimulated group; ^^P < 0.01 versus icariin-treated group. (B) Representative images of Nrf2 using immunofluorescence (scale = 50 μm). These photomicrographs are representative of three independent experiments.
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Discussion
We made two novel observations in our study. First, we found that icariin effectively ameliorated age-related degeneration of testicular function through alleviation of Sertoli cell injury, which is the first time that this has been demonstrated. Second, we are the first to demonstrate that icariin protects against Sertoli cell injury by activating the ERα/Nrf2-signaling pathway. These results suggest that icariin displays effective preventive effects in age-related testicular dysfunction by alleviating Sertoli cell injury and is dependent upon the ERα/Nrf2 pathway.Previous studies have indicated that testicular spermatogenic function declines with aging—including the loss of germ cells’ number, the decline of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells’ number and function leading to the disruption of SSCs’ niche, the recession of sex hormones levels (Haji et al., 1994; Petersen et al., 2015; Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017). Clinical studies have shown that testosterone concentration, sperm count and quality are declined, and the incidence of infertility is increased in aged men (Gunes et al., 2016; Almeida et al., 2017). In our study, we found icariin effectively ameliorated the age-related decline in testicular function by increasing testicular and epididymal weights and indices, sperm count and sperm viability, testicular testosterone concentrations, and seminiferous tubule diameters and heights. The promotion of icariin on testosterone secretion in our study is consistent with previous reports (Zhang and Yang, 2006; Chen et al., 2014). Testosterone is mainly synthesized and secreted by Leydig cells in testes, and one of mechanism of icariin action on the reproductive function of male rats is the testosterone mimetic properties (Zhang and Yang, 2006). Investigators have found that icariin promotes testosterone secretion not only by increasing cAMP levels via upregulation of luteinizing hormone receptor expression in Leydig cell (Xiong and Zhou, 1994; Chen et al., 2014), but also by upregulating the mRNA expression of key enzymes involved in the conversion of cholesterol to testosterone, such as StAR, Cyp17a1, and PBR (Chen et al., 2014). Consequently, intratesticular testosterone can bind with androgen receptor in Sertoli cells and peritubular myoid cells to control secretion of proteins from Sertoli cells—eventually support development of pachytene spermatocytes and germ cells through stage VII (Weinbauer et al., 2004). Thus, we speculated icariin can indirectly improve Sertoli cell function and testicular degeneration during aging by promoting testosterone secretion.
Sertoli cells are believed to be “nurse cells” or “mother cells” and play pivotal roles in testis formation and spermatogenesis (Griswold, 1998). They facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa via direct contact by establishing and maintaining the SSC niche—which ensures stem cell renewal and spermatogonial differentiation toward mature germ cells. In the process of spermatogenesis, a number of soluble factors are specifically produced by Sertoli cells—including GDNF, PLZF, BMP4, and SCF—that are essential for self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs. Increasing evidence suggests that mice with mutant GDNF or deletion of GDNF and its receptors Ret and Gfra1 in SSCs result in stem cell loss, severe fertility defects, and spermatogenic disruption (Meng et al., 2000; Naughton et al., 2006). However, GDNF production was decreased with aging accompanied by the loss of SSC numbers (Ryu et al., 2006), which demonstrates that decline in Sertoli cell function is an important factor in age-related dysfunction of the testis. Furthermore, reduced Sertoli cell number and abnormal morphologic structure were observed with aging (Johnson et al., 1984; Filipiak et al., 2013). However, there is little information on the protective effects of dietary flavonoids on Sertoli cell injury with advancing age. Our results showed that icariin, a flavonoid from Epimedium, attenuated Sertoli cell injury in vivo and in vitro, thereby attenuating age-related degeneration of testicular function. Notably, icariin’s protective effects in Sertoli cell injury and testicular degeneration were not significantly different between the two groups (shown in Figures 1 and and2),2), suggesting that icariin displays hormetic dose response features in vivo. Given hormetic dose response is a biphasic dose response phenomenon characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition (Calabrese et al., 2010; Calabrese et al., 2018; Scuto et al., 2019), the dose range of icariin on protection against Sertoli cell injury and testicular dysfunction with aging should be further explored to obtain maximum health outcomes in future.
The estrogen/ERα-signaling pathway is known to be one of the major modulators in maintaining optimal levels of spermatogenesis in adults (Lucas et al., 2011; Clarke and Pearl, 2014). It was reported that bioavailable estradiol was reduced with aging in humans (Carreau et al., 2004) and that human testis express ERα (Filipiak et al., 2013). Furthermore, estradiol levels and ERα expression levels were reported to decline in the testis of aging rats (Hamden et al., 2008; Clarke and Pearl, 2014). Increasing evidence indicates that ERα knockout induces testicular atrophy and infertility in mice (Hess et al., 2011), and that ERα inhibition also decreases sperm motility and fertility in mice and rats (Oliveira et al., 2001; Cho et al., 2003; Johnson et al., 2008). In contrast, exogenous estradiol treatment attenuated the age-related loss of sperm production in rats by increasing ERα expression, while ERβ expression was not affected during aging or treatment with exogenous estradiol (Clarke and Pearl, 2014). Given that icariin promoted MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell and UMR 106 cell proliferation and function via activation of estrogen receptors (Mok et al., 2010; Song et al., 2013), we further investigated whether icariin activated the estrogen/ERα pathway in injured Sertoli cells. Our results showed that icariin significantly increased ERα expression levels, thereby inhibiting injury of testicular Sertoli cells and D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells. Conversely, siRNA ERα partially reversed the icariin (1 µM)-mediated protective effects on Sertoli cell injury in vitro. These data indicate that the protection of Sertoli cell injury by icariin is partially dependent upon the estrogen/ERα pathway in age-related testicular dysfunction.
Endogenous cellular defense mechanisms are adaptive stress response pathways against oxidative stress to maintain cell function and survival. Among these cellular pathways, upregulation of Nrf2-signaling pathway and the vitagene network, which includes HO-1, contributes to counteract the ROS and excessive oxidative stress (Calabrese et al., 2018). Conversely, Nrf2 pathway inactivation drivers a vicious and self-propagating cycle of redox stress imbalance that causes cell dysfunction even apoptosis. Thus, pharmacotherapeutic approaches that activation of Nrf2 pathway and upregulation of vitagene network are currently considered very promising for the treatment of various age-related diseases (Trovato et al., 2016; Trovato et al., 2018). Recent studies have shown that activation of the Nrf2 pathway protected against zearalenone-induced TM4 cell apoptosis and cadmium-induced testicular Sertoli cell injury in mice (Long et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2018), whereas inhibition of the Nrf2 pathway induced testicular Sertoli cell apoptosis in mice (Wang et al., 2018). In addition, Nrf2 knockout induced ROS accumulation by disrupting redox homeostasis to promote age-related muscle disorders in aged mice (Miller et al., 2012). Thus, we examined the effects of icariin on the Nrf2 pathway and found that it upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream molecules HO-1 and NQO-1 in testicular Sertoli cells and D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells. Furthermore, icariin increased SOD activity, decreased MDA content in the aging testis, and inhibited ROS production in D-gal-stimulated TM4 cells. Similarly, Nrf2 siRNA significantly decreased TM4 cell function (Supplementary Figure S3). These results suggest that Sertoli cells suffer from excessive oxidative stress during testicular aging as evidenced by downregulation of Nrf2 pathway and vitagenes, and upregulation of ROS, but icariin attenuates Sertoli cell injury by inducing upregulation of Nrf2 pathway and vitagenes such as HO-1. Similarly to the effect of icariin on Sertoli cell injury, two doses of icariin have similarly antioxidative effects, indicate the possibility that low dose of icariin may induce adaptive stress responses to against oxidative stress-mediated cell injury, whereas high dose of icariin can be toxic to Sertoli cells.
Investigators recently reported that ERα protected against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells by activating the Nrf2 pathway and upregulating HO-1 and NQO-1 expression and activity (Meng et al., 2014a). Additionally, gypenoside XVII (GP-17), a novel phytoestrogen isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum or Panax notoginseng, conferred protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 pathways (Meng et al., 2014b). The phytoestrogen ginsenoside Rb1 inhibited 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative injury in human dopaminergic cells via an estrogen receptor-dependent Nrf2 pathway (Hwang and Jeong, 2010), and a new study indicated that estrogen via its receptors induced rapid activation of Nrf2, playing a key role in promoting the proliferation and function of cells in different systems (Ishii and Warabi, 2019). In the present study, we found that ERα siRNA reversed icariin-induced activation of the Nrf2-signaling pathway. Thus, we concluded that the ERα/Nrf2-signaling pathway contributes to the attenuation of Sertoli cell injury by icariin.
In conclusion, icariin protects against Sertoli cell injury due to age-related testicular dysfunction by upregulating the ERα/Nrf2-signaling pathway and vitagene system. These results support the concept of amelioration by icariin of age-related testicular dysfunction. In addition, our findings suggest novel mechanisms by which icariin acts. Our study thus provides, at least in part, a molecular basis for the further application of icariin in the prevention of testicular dysfunction in men with increasing age.
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