Increased prescription of opioid medications like oxycodone and hydrocodone has led to widespread misuse of both prescription and non-prescription opioids. But did you know that opioid misuse can significantly impact the endocrine system? The Endocrine Society recently published a scientific statement titled, “Exogenous Opioids and the Human Endocrine System: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement.” The statement reviews data on the use and misuse of opioids and discusses recent research on the endocrine-related implications of opioid use. Host Aaron Lohr talks to one of the statement’s authors, Niki Karavitaki, MD, PhD, a professor from the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom.
FIGURE 1 Direct and indirect mechanisms by which opioids cause hypogonadism. +, stimulation; -, inhibition; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; PRL, prolactin; T, testosterone.
Abstract
Background
Opioid analgesics are frequently prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain and are a common cause of male androgen deficiency. Despite its high prevalence, this adverse effect of chronic opioid use remains underappreciated by clinicians. As a result, androgen deficiency remains underdiagnosed...
Predict estradiol, DHT, and free testosterone levels based on total testosterone
⚠️ Medical Disclaimer
This tool provides predictions based on statistical models and should NOT replace professional medical advice.
Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your TRT protocol.
ℹ️ Input Parameters
Normal range: 300-1000 ng/dL
Predicted Hormone Levels
Enter your total testosterone value to see predictions
Results will appear here after calculation
Understanding Your Hormones
Estradiol (E2)
A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido.
Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.
DHT
Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth,
prostate health, and masculinization effects.
Free Testosterone
The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins.
Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.
Scientific Reference
Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.
