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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Prostate Related Issues
Testosterone paradox of advanced prostate cancer
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 241121" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Fig. 1 | <u>AR structure and signaling</u>. <u>a Structure of the androgen receptor (AR)</u>. Location of AR on the q arm of the X chromosomes (Xq12). AR contains eight exons coding for a 110-kDa protein that has 919 amino acids. The N-terminal domain (NTD) is encoded by exon 1 and has an intrinsically disordered structure. The DNA binding domain (DBD) is encoded by exons 2–3, which contain two zinc finger motifs. The DBD is linked to the ligand-binding domain by the hinge region, which is encoded by exon 4. The ligand-binding domain is encoded by exons 5–8. Both the N terminus and C terminus consist of activation functions called AF1 and AF2, respectively. <u>b, Nuclear AR signaling</u>. Testosterone is converted into its highly active metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-α reductase, which binds to AR sequestered in the cytoplasm by chaperone proteins that include HSP90. Upon binding of DHT, AR dissociates from HSP90, dimerizes, and translocates to the nucleus to bind to androgen response elements (AREs) present in its target genes such as KLK3 and TMPRSS2. The specificity of binding is regulated by co-regulators and pioneer factors such as FOXA1.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]27685[/ATTACH]</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]27686[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 241121, member: 13851"] [B]Fig. 1 | [U]AR structure and signaling[/U]. [U]a Structure of the androgen receptor (AR)[/U]. Location of AR on the q arm of the X chromosomes (Xq12). AR contains eight exons coding for a 110-kDa protein that has 919 amino acids. The N-terminal domain (NTD) is encoded by exon 1 and has an intrinsically disordered structure. The DNA binding domain (DBD) is encoded by exons 2–3, which contain two zinc finger motifs. The DBD is linked to the ligand-binding domain by the hinge region, which is encoded by exon 4. The ligand-binding domain is encoded by exons 5–8. Both the N terminus and C terminus consist of activation functions called AF1 and AF2, respectively. [U]b, Nuclear AR signaling[/U]. Testosterone is converted into its highly active metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-α reductase, which binds to AR sequestered in the cytoplasm by chaperone proteins that include HSP90. Upon binding of DHT, AR dissociates from HSP90, dimerizes, and translocates to the nucleus to bind to androgen response elements (AREs) present in its target genes such as KLK3 and TMPRSS2. The specificity of binding is regulated by co-regulators and pioneer factors such as FOXA1. [ATTACH type="full"]27685[/ATTACH] [ATTACH type="full"]27686[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Prostate Related Issues
Testosterone paradox of advanced prostate cancer
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