madman
Super Moderator
Searching for a better formulation to enhance muscle bioenergetics: A randomized controlled trial of creatine nitrate plus creatinine vs. creatine nitrate vs. creatine monohydrate in healthy men
Abstract
A novel creatine blend (creatine nitrate mixed with creatinine, CN‐CRN) has been anecdotally suggested to be superior to traditional creatine formulations for bioavailability and performance. However, does CN‐CRN supremely affects creatine levels in the blood and skeletal muscle of healthy humans remain currently unknown. This randomized, controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial evaluated the acute effects of single‐dose CN‐CRN on serum creatine levels, and 5‐days intervention with CN‐CRN on skeletal muscle creatine and safety biomarkers in healthy men. Ten healthy young men (23.6 ± 2.9 years) were allocated to receive either CN‐CRN (3 grams of creatine nitrate mixed with 3 grams of creatinine), pure creatine nitrate (3 grams, CN), or regular creatine monohydrate (3 grams, CRM) by oral administration. We found that CN‐CRN resulted in a more powerful rise in serum creatine levels comparing to either CN or CRM after a single‐dose intervention, as evaluated with the area under the concentration–time curve calculation (701.1 ± 62.1 (µmol/L) × min versus 622.7 ± 62.9 (µmol/L) × min versus 466.3 ± 47.9 (µmol/L) × min; p < .001). The peak serum creatine levels at 60‐min sampling interval were significantly higher in CN‐ CRN group (183.7 ± 15.5 µmol/L), as compared to CN group (163.8 ± 12.9 µmol/L) and CRM group (118.6 ± 12.9 µmol/L) (p < .001). This was accompanied by a significantly superior increase in muscle creatine levels after CN‐CRN administration at 5‐days follow‐up, as compared to CN and CRM, respectively (9.6% versus 8.0% versus 2.1%; p = .01). While 2 out of 10 participants were found to be nonresponsive to CN intervention (20.0%) (e.g., no amplification in muscle creatine levels found at 5‐days follow‐up), and 3 participants out of 10 were nonresponsive in CRM trial (30%), no nonresponders were found after CN‐CRN administration, with individual upswing in total muscle creatine varied in this group from 2.0% (lowest increment) to 16.8% (highest increment). Supplemental CN‐CRN significantly decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 5‐days follow‐up, as compared to other interventions (p = .004), with the average reduction was 14.8 ± 7.7% (95% confidence interval; from 9.3 to 20.3). Nevertheless, no single participant experienced a clinically relevant reduction in eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) throughout the course of the trial. Liver enzymes remained in reference ranges throughout the study, with no participant experienced high liver blood tests (e.g., AST > 40 units per L or ALT >56 units per L). Besides, no participant reported any major side effects during the trial, while the odors of CN‐CRN and CN formulations were considered somewhat unpleasant in 8 out of 10 participants (80.0%). Our results suggest that CN‐CRN is a preferred and relatively safe alternative to traditional creatine formulations for improved creatine bioavailability in the blood and skeletal muscle after single‐dose and 5‐days interventions.
4 | DISCUSSION
This pilot study demonstrated a superiority of CN‐CRN mixture to increase creatine bioavailability, serum creatine concentrations, and creatine distribution and absorption to the muscles in a cohort of young healthy men, as compared to traditional creatine products, such as pure CN and regular CRM. Although of somewhat unpleasant odor, CN‐CRN blend appeared relatively safe, with no major disturbances of safety biomarkers for liver and kidney function, and/or subjectively reported adverse events. This verification of advanced utilization of CN‐CRN mixture might affirm its future exploration and use as a novel supplemental formula in human nutrition.
4.3 | Limitations and open questions
Although this study provided the first evidence about the performance of creatine–creatinine mixture in humans, few limitations have to be considered when study findings are interpreted. First, the duration of intervention appears to be comparatively short, thus preventing us to draw any firm conclusions about the medium‐ or long‐term efficacy and safety of creatine–creatinine supplementation. Second, the trial population included only young healthy men and was relatively small in size; it remains unknown how the intervention affects women, other age‐groups, or clinical populations, particularly those with kidney disorders. Third, we have not evaluated whether advanced tissue bioenergetics after intervention translates into physiological and clinical outcomes, including athletic performance. A change in the total amount of creatine cannot be directly extrapolated to a potential increase in performance, so additional performance studies are needed to evaluate this issue. Finally, other creatine–creatinine formulations (in addition to the 3‐to‐3 ratio used in the present trial) should be developed, along with a comparison with creatinine intervention alone, and their effects determined in well‐powered trials
5 | CONCLUSION
Short‐term supplementation with creatine nitrate plus creatinine appears to superiorly affect creatine levels in the circulation and skeletal muscle in comparison with either creatine nitrate or creatine monohydrate, thus advancing this experimental formulation as a preferred alternative to traditional creatine formulations. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of creatine nitrate plus creatinine performance needs to be further elucidated, and more well‐designed long‐term studies in both athletic and clinical environment are required.
Abstract
A novel creatine blend (creatine nitrate mixed with creatinine, CN‐CRN) has been anecdotally suggested to be superior to traditional creatine formulations for bioavailability and performance. However, does CN‐CRN supremely affects creatine levels in the blood and skeletal muscle of healthy humans remain currently unknown. This randomized, controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial evaluated the acute effects of single‐dose CN‐CRN on serum creatine levels, and 5‐days intervention with CN‐CRN on skeletal muscle creatine and safety biomarkers in healthy men. Ten healthy young men (23.6 ± 2.9 years) were allocated to receive either CN‐CRN (3 grams of creatine nitrate mixed with 3 grams of creatinine), pure creatine nitrate (3 grams, CN), or regular creatine monohydrate (3 grams, CRM) by oral administration. We found that CN‐CRN resulted in a more powerful rise in serum creatine levels comparing to either CN or CRM after a single‐dose intervention, as evaluated with the area under the concentration–time curve calculation (701.1 ± 62.1 (µmol/L) × min versus 622.7 ± 62.9 (µmol/L) × min versus 466.3 ± 47.9 (µmol/L) × min; p < .001). The peak serum creatine levels at 60‐min sampling interval were significantly higher in CN‐ CRN group (183.7 ± 15.5 µmol/L), as compared to CN group (163.8 ± 12.9 µmol/L) and CRM group (118.6 ± 12.9 µmol/L) (p < .001). This was accompanied by a significantly superior increase in muscle creatine levels after CN‐CRN administration at 5‐days follow‐up, as compared to CN and CRM, respectively (9.6% versus 8.0% versus 2.1%; p = .01). While 2 out of 10 participants were found to be nonresponsive to CN intervention (20.0%) (e.g., no amplification in muscle creatine levels found at 5‐days follow‐up), and 3 participants out of 10 were nonresponsive in CRM trial (30%), no nonresponders were found after CN‐CRN administration, with individual upswing in total muscle creatine varied in this group from 2.0% (lowest increment) to 16.8% (highest increment). Supplemental CN‐CRN significantly decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 5‐days follow‐up, as compared to other interventions (p = .004), with the average reduction was 14.8 ± 7.7% (95% confidence interval; from 9.3 to 20.3). Nevertheless, no single participant experienced a clinically relevant reduction in eGFR (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 ) throughout the course of the trial. Liver enzymes remained in reference ranges throughout the study, with no participant experienced high liver blood tests (e.g., AST > 40 units per L or ALT >56 units per L). Besides, no participant reported any major side effects during the trial, while the odors of CN‐CRN and CN formulations were considered somewhat unpleasant in 8 out of 10 participants (80.0%). Our results suggest that CN‐CRN is a preferred and relatively safe alternative to traditional creatine formulations for improved creatine bioavailability in the blood and skeletal muscle after single‐dose and 5‐days interventions.
4 | DISCUSSION
This pilot study demonstrated a superiority of CN‐CRN mixture to increase creatine bioavailability, serum creatine concentrations, and creatine distribution and absorption to the muscles in a cohort of young healthy men, as compared to traditional creatine products, such as pure CN and regular CRM. Although of somewhat unpleasant odor, CN‐CRN blend appeared relatively safe, with no major disturbances of safety biomarkers for liver and kidney function, and/or subjectively reported adverse events. This verification of advanced utilization of CN‐CRN mixture might affirm its future exploration and use as a novel supplemental formula in human nutrition.
4.3 | Limitations and open questions
Although this study provided the first evidence about the performance of creatine–creatinine mixture in humans, few limitations have to be considered when study findings are interpreted. First, the duration of intervention appears to be comparatively short, thus preventing us to draw any firm conclusions about the medium‐ or long‐term efficacy and safety of creatine–creatinine supplementation. Second, the trial population included only young healthy men and was relatively small in size; it remains unknown how the intervention affects women, other age‐groups, or clinical populations, particularly those with kidney disorders. Third, we have not evaluated whether advanced tissue bioenergetics after intervention translates into physiological and clinical outcomes, including athletic performance. A change in the total amount of creatine cannot be directly extrapolated to a potential increase in performance, so additional performance studies are needed to evaluate this issue. Finally, other creatine–creatinine formulations (in addition to the 3‐to‐3 ratio used in the present trial) should be developed, along with a comparison with creatinine intervention alone, and their effects determined in well‐powered trials
5 | CONCLUSION
Short‐term supplementation with creatine nitrate plus creatinine appears to superiorly affect creatine levels in the circulation and skeletal muscle in comparison with either creatine nitrate or creatine monohydrate, thus advancing this experimental formulation as a preferred alternative to traditional creatine formulations. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of creatine nitrate plus creatinine performance needs to be further elucidated, and more well‐designed long‐term studies in both athletic and clinical environment are required.
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