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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone Side Effect Management
When testicle size increases, what happens?
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 176780" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p>Again a majority of teste volume is made up of seminiferous tubules where sperm production takes place.</p><p></p><p>The tubules are lined with a germinal epithelium which is the wall of the seminiferous tubules made up of numerous (Sertoli/germ cells) which produce sperm.</p><p></p><p>The bulk of the seminiferous tubule lobes are Sertoli/germ cells (immature sperm) which develop into mature sperm.</p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">[URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)[/URL]</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 26px"><strong>Germinal epithelium (male)</strong></span></p><p></p><p>The <strong>germinal epithelium</strong> is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial" target="_blank">epithelial</a> layer of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminiferous_tubules" target="_blank">seminiferous tubules</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicles" target="_blank">testicles</a>. It is also known as the wall of the seminiferous tubules. The cells in the epithelium are connected via tight junctions.</p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">There are two types of cells in the germinal epithelium. The large <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli_cells" target="_blank">Sertoli cells</a> (which are not dividing) function as supportive cells to the developing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm" target="_blank">sperm</a>. The second cell type are the cells belonging to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenic" target="_blank">spermatogenic</a> cell lineage. These develop to eventually become sperm cells (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon" target="_blank">spermatozoon</a>). Typically, the spermatogenic cells will make four to eight layers in the germinal epithelium.</span><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)#cite_note-1" target="_blank">[1]</a></strong></p><p>[ATTACH=full]9652[/ATTACH]</p><table class='post-table ' style='width: 100%'><tr><th ><p>Identifiers</p></th></tr><tr><td ><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Germinal epithelium of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" target="_blank">testicle</a>. </span>1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_lamina" target="_blank">basal lamina</a>, 2 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonia" target="_blank">spermatogonia</a>, 3 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatocyte" target="_blank">spermatocyte</a> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">1st order</span>, 4 <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">spermatocyte 2nd order</span>, 5 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatid" target="_blank">spermatid</a>, 6 <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">mature spermatid</span>, 7 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli_cell" target="_blank">Sertoli cell</a>, 8 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction" target="_blank">tight junction</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testis_barrier" target="_blank">blood testis barrier</a>)</strong></p></td></tr></table> </p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Does anyone know what compounds the body uses to create the extra size increase? </span></p><p></p><p></p><p>Refer to sections underlined/highlighted in red.</p><p></p><p>Important points to keep in mind:</p><p></p><p><strong><u>*Sertoli cells synthesize and secrete a large variety of factors</u>: <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u>proteins, cytokines, </u>gr<u>owth factors, opioids, steroids, prostaglandins, modulators of cell division etc</u>. </span><u>The morphology of Sertoli cells is strictly related to their various physiological functions</u>. <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u>Cytoplasm contains endoplasmic reticulum both of the smooth (steroid synthesis) and rough type (protein synthesis), a prominent Golgi apparatus (elaboration and transport of secretory products), lysosomal granules (phagocytosis) as well as microtubuli and intermediate filaments (adapation of the cell shape during the different phases of germ cell maturation)</u></span>. </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><u>*Another important function of Sertoli cells is that they are responsible for <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">final testicular volume and sperm production in the adult</span>.</u></strong> <strong><u>Each individual Sertoli cell is in morphological and functional contact with a defined number of sperm</u>.</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u>*Through the production and secretion of tubular fluid Sertoli cells create and maintain the patency of the tubulus lumen. More than 90% of Sertoli cell fluid is secreted in the tubular lumen</u>.</strong> </span></p><p></p><p><strong><u><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">*Sperm are transported in the tubular fluid, the composition of which is known in detail only in the rat</span> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(Setchell 1999)</span></u>. <u>Unlike blood, <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">the tubular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions. Other constituents are bicarbonate, magnesium and chloride ions, inositol, glucose, carnitine, glycerophosphorylcholine, amino acids and several proteins. </span></u></strong><span style="color: rgb(26, 188, 156)"><strong><u>Therefore, the germ cells are immersed in a fluid of unique composition</u>.</strong></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Nieschlag</p><p></p><p><strong>Leydig Cells</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(163, 143, 132)"><strong><u>Leydig cells</u></strong><u><strong> are rich in</strong></u></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"> <strong><u>smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae</u>.</strong></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(163, 143, 132)"><strong><u>Other important cytoplasmic components are</u></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u> lipofuscin granules,</u> <u>the final product of endocytosis and lyosomal degradation, and lipid droplets</u>,</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(163, 143, 132)"> in which the preliminary stages of testosterone synthesis take place. Special formations, called <strong><u>Reinke’s crystals</u>, </strong>are often found in the adult Leydig cells. These are probably </span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u>subunits of globular proteins</u> </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(163, 143, 132)">whose functional meaning is not known.</span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Peritubular Cells</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(251, 160, 38)"><strong><u>The </u></strong><u><strong>seminiferous tubules are covered by a</strong></u></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u><strong> lamina propria, which consists of a basal membrane, a layer of collagen and the</strong> </u><strong><u>peritubular cells (myofi broblasts)</u>.</strong> </span><span style="color: rgb(251, 160, 38)">These cells are stratified around the tubulus and form up to concentrical layers that are </span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u><strong>separated by collagen layers</strong></u><strong>.</strong></span></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(26, 188, 156)"><strong><u>Peritubular cells produce several factors that are involved in cellular contractility</u></strong>: </span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u>panactin, desmin, gelsolin, smooth muscle myosin and actin</u> (Holstein et al. 1996)</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(26, 188, 156)"><strong>. These cells also secrete </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u>extracellular matrix and factors typically expressed by connective tissue cells</u>: <u>collagen, laminin, vimentin, fibronectin, growth factors, fibroblast protein and adhesion molecules</u>.</strong></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Sertoli Cells</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><strong><u>Sertoli cells are somatic cells located within the germinal epithelium</u>.</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)">These cells are located on the basal membrane and extend to the lumen of the tubulus seminiferus and, in a broad sense, can be considered as<strong> <u>the supporting structure of the germinal epithelium.</u> </strong>Along the cell body, extending over the entire height of the germinal epithelium, all morphological and physiological differentiation and maturation of the germinal cell up to the mature sperm take place. Special ectoplasmic structures sustain alignment and orientation of the sperm during differentiation. <strong><u>About 35–40% of the volume of the germinal epithelium is represented by Sertoli cells</u>.</strong> </span></p><p></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><u>Sertoli cells synthesize and secrete a large variety of factors</u>: </span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u>proteins, cytokines, </u>gr<u>owth factors, opioids, steroids, prostaglandins, modulators of cell division etc</u>. </span></strong><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><strong><u>The morphology of Sertoli cells is strictly related to their various physiological functions</u>.</strong></span><strong> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u>Cytoplasm contains endoplasmic reticulum both of the smooth (steroid synthesis) and rough type (protein synthesis), a prominent Golgi apparatus (elaboration and transport of secretory products), lysosomal granules (phagocytosis) as well as microtubuli and intermediate filaments (adapation of the cell shape during the different phases of germ cell maturation)</u></span><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)">. </span></strong><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)">It is generally assumed that Sertoli cells coordinate the spermatogenic process topographically and functionally. On the other hand, more recent data support the contention that germ cells control Sertoli cell functions. </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><strong><u>Another important function of Sertoli cells is that they are responsible for final testicular volume and sperm production in the adult.</u></strong> <strong><u>Each individual Sertoli cell is in morphological and functional contact with a defined number of sperm</u>.</strong> The number of sperm per Sertoli cell depends on the species.<strong> <u>In men we observe about 10 germ cells or 1.5 spermatozoa per each Sertoli cell (Zhengwei et al. 1998a)</u>. </strong>In comparison, every macaque monkey Sertoli cell is associated with 22 germ cells and 2.7 sperm (Zhengwei et al. 1997, 1998b).<strong> <u>This suggests that within a certain species a higher number of Sertoli cells results in a greater production of sperm and testis size, assuming that all the Sertoli cells are functioning normally</u>. </strong>In contrast, as determined by flow cytometry, testicular cell numbers were very similar across several primate species, <strong><u>suggesting that testis size is the main determinant of total germ cell output (Luetjens et al. 2005)</u>. </strong></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u>Through the production and secretion of tubular fluid Sertoli cells create and maintain the patency of the tubulus lumen. More than 90% of Sertoli cell fluid is secreted in the tubular lumen</u>.</strong> </span><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)">Special structural elements of the blood-testis barrier prevent reabsorption of the secreted fluid, resulting in pressure that maintains the patency of the lumen.</span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><u> Sperm are transported in the tubular fluid, the composition of which is known in detail only in the rat (Setchell 1999)</u>. <u>Unlike blood, the tubular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions. Other constituents are bicarbonate, magnesium and chloride ions, inositol, glucose, carnitine, glycerophosphorylcholine, amino acids and several proteins. </u></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><strong><u>Therefore, the germ cells are immersed in a fluid of unique composition</u>.</strong></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 176780, member: 13851"] Again a majority of teste volume is made up of seminiferous tubules where sperm production takes place. The tubules are lined with a germinal epithelium which is the wall of the seminiferous tubules made up of numerous (Sertoli/germ cells) which produce sperm. The bulk of the seminiferous tubule lobes are Sertoli/germ cells (immature sperm) which develop into mature sperm. [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)[/URL][/COLOR] [SIZE=26px][B]Germinal epithelium (male)[/B][/SIZE] The [B]germinal epithelium[/B] is the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial']epithelial[/URL] layer of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminiferous_tubules']seminiferous tubules[/URL] of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicles']testicles[/URL]. It is also known as the wall of the seminiferous tubules. The cells in the epithelium are connected via tight junctions. [COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)]There are two types of cells in the germinal epithelium. The large [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli_cells']Sertoli cells[/URL] (which are not dividing) function as supportive cells to the developing [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm']sperm[/URL]. The second cell type are the cells belonging to the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenic']spermatogenic[/URL] cell lineage. These develop to eventually become sperm cells ([URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon']spermatozoon[/URL]). Typically, the spermatogenic cells will make four to eight layers in the germinal epithelium.[/COLOR][B][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)#cite_note-1'][1][/URL][/B] [ATTACH type="full" alt="Screenshot (1365).png"]9652[/ATTACH] [TABLE][TR][TH]Identifiers[/TH][/TR] [TR][TD] [B][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)]Germinal epithelium of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle']testicle[/URL]. [/COLOR]1 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_lamina']basal lamina[/URL], 2 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonia']spermatogonia[/URL], 3 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatocyte']spermatocyte[/URL] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]1st order[/COLOR], 4 [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]spermatocyte 2nd order[/COLOR], 5 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatid']spermatid[/URL], 6 [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]mature spermatid[/COLOR], 7 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertoli_cell']Sertoli cell[/URL], 8 [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction']tight junction[/URL] ([URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_testis_barrier']blood testis barrier[/URL])[/B] [/TD][/TR][/TABLE] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Does anyone know what compounds the body uses to create the extra size increase? [/COLOR] Refer to sections underlined/highlighted in red. Important points to keep in mind: [B][U]*Sertoli cells synthesize and secrete a large variety of factors[/U]: [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U]proteins, cytokines, [/U]gr[U]owth factors, opioids, steroids, prostaglandins, modulators of cell division etc[/U]. [/COLOR][U]The morphology of Sertoli cells is strictly related to their various physiological functions[/U]. [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U]Cytoplasm contains endoplasmic reticulum both of the smooth (steroid synthesis) and rough type (protein synthesis), a prominent Golgi apparatus (elaboration and transport of secretory products), lysosomal granules (phagocytosis) as well as microtubuli and intermediate filaments (adapation of the cell shape during the different phases of germ cell maturation)[/U][/COLOR]. [U]*Another important function of Sertoli cells is that they are responsible for [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]final testicular volume and sperm production in the adult[/COLOR].[/U][/B] [B][U]Each individual Sertoli cell is in morphological and functional contact with a defined number of sperm[/U].[/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U]*Through the production and secretion of tubular fluid Sertoli cells create and maintain the patency of the tubulus lumen. More than 90% of Sertoli cell fluid is secreted in the tubular lumen[/U].[/B] [/COLOR] [B][U][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]*Sperm are transported in the tubular fluid, the composition of which is known in detail only in the rat[/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](Setchell 1999)[/COLOR][/U]. [U]Unlike blood, [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]the tubular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions. Other constituents are bicarbonate, magnesium and chloride ions, inositol, glucose, carnitine, glycerophosphorylcholine, amino acids and several proteins. [/COLOR][/U][/B][COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)][B][U]Therefore, the germ cells are immersed in a fluid of unique composition[/U].[/B][/COLOR] Nieschlag [B]Leydig Cells[/B] [COLOR=rgb(163, 143, 132)][B][U]Leydig cells[/U][/B][U][B] are rich in[/B][/U][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)] [B][U]smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae[/U].[/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(163, 143, 132)][B][U]Other important cytoplasmic components are[/U][/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U] lipofuscin granules,[/U] [U]the final product of endocytosis and lyosomal degradation, and lipid droplets[/U],[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(163, 143, 132)] in which the preliminary stages of testosterone synthesis take place. Special formations, called [B][U]Reinke’s crystals[/U], [/B]are often found in the adult Leydig cells. These are probably [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U]subunits of globular proteins[/U] [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(163, 143, 132)]whose functional meaning is not known.[/COLOR] [B]Peritubular Cells[/B] [COLOR=rgb(251, 160, 38)][B][U]The [/U][/B][U][B]seminiferous tubules are covered by a[/B][/U][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U][B] lamina propria, which consists of a basal membrane, a layer of collagen and the[/B] [/U][B][U]peritubular cells (myofi broblasts)[/U].[/B] [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(251, 160, 38)]These cells are stratified around the tubulus and form up to concentrical layers that are [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U][B]separated by collagen layers[/B][/U][B].[/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)][B][U]Peritubular cells produce several factors that are involved in cellular contractility[/U][/B]: [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U]panactin, desmin, gelsolin, smooth muscle myosin and actin[/U] (Holstein et al. 1996)[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)][B]. These cells also secrete [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U]extracellular matrix and factors typically expressed by connective tissue cells[/U]: [U]collagen, laminin, vimentin, fibronectin, growth factors, fibroblast protein and adhesion molecules[/U].[/B][/COLOR] [B]Sertoli Cells[/B] [COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)][B][U]Sertoli cells are somatic cells located within the germinal epithelium[/U].[/B] These cells are located on the basal membrane and extend to the lumen of the tubulus seminiferus and, in a broad sense, can be considered as[B] [U]the supporting structure of the germinal epithelium.[/U] [/B]Along the cell body, extending over the entire height of the germinal epithelium, all morphological and physiological differentiation and maturation of the germinal cell up to the mature sperm take place. Special ectoplasmic structures sustain alignment and orientation of the sperm during differentiation. [B][U]About 35–40% of the volume of the germinal epithelium is represented by Sertoli cells[/U].[/B] [/COLOR] [B][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)][U]Sertoli cells synthesize and secrete a large variety of factors[/U]: [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U]proteins, cytokines, [/U]gr[U]owth factors, opioids, steroids, prostaglandins, modulators of cell division etc[/U]. [/COLOR][/B][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)][B][U]The morphology of Sertoli cells is strictly related to their various physiological functions[/U].[/B][/COLOR][B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U]Cytoplasm contains endoplasmic reticulum both of the smooth (steroid synthesis) and rough type (protein synthesis), a prominent Golgi apparatus (elaboration and transport of secretory products), lysosomal granules (phagocytosis) as well as microtubuli and intermediate filaments (adapation of the cell shape during the different phases of germ cell maturation)[/U][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)]. [/COLOR][/B][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)]It is generally assumed that Sertoli cells coordinate the spermatogenic process topographically and functionally. On the other hand, more recent data support the contention that germ cells control Sertoli cell functions. [B][U]Another important function of Sertoli cells is that they are responsible for final testicular volume and sperm production in the adult.[/U][/B] [B][U]Each individual Sertoli cell is in morphological and functional contact with a defined number of sperm[/U].[/B] The number of sperm per Sertoli cell depends on the species.[B] [U]In men we observe about 10 germ cells or 1.5 spermatozoa per each Sertoli cell (Zhengwei et al. 1998a)[/U]. [/B]In comparison, every macaque monkey Sertoli cell is associated with 22 germ cells and 2.7 sperm (Zhengwei et al. 1997, 1998b).[B] [U]This suggests that within a certain species a higher number of Sertoli cells results in a greater production of sperm and testis size, assuming that all the Sertoli cells are functioning normally[/U]. [/B]In contrast, as determined by flow cytometry, testicular cell numbers were very similar across several primate species, [B][U]suggesting that testis size is the main determinant of total germ cell output (Luetjens et al. 2005)[/U]. [/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U]Through the production and secretion of tubular fluid Sertoli cells create and maintain the patency of the tubulus lumen. More than 90% of Sertoli cell fluid is secreted in the tubular lumen[/U].[/B] [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)]Special structural elements of the blood-testis barrier prevent reabsorption of the secreted fluid, resulting in pressure that maintains the patency of the lumen.[/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B][U] Sperm are transported in the tubular fluid, the composition of which is known in detail only in the rat (Setchell 1999)[/U]. [U]Unlike blood, the tubular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium ions and a lower concentration of sodium ions. Other constituents are bicarbonate, magnesium and chloride ions, inositol, glucose, carnitine, glycerophosphorylcholine, amino acids and several proteins. [/U][/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)][B][U]Therefore, the germ cells are immersed in a fluid of unique composition[/U].[/B][/COLOR] [/QUOTE]
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When testicle size increases, what happens?
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