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UDCA, NorUDCA, and TUDCA in Liver Diseases: A Review of Their Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 153638" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Fig. 2</span></strong> <strong>Overview of the main hepatoprotective mechanisms of action of UDCA and TUDCA.</strong> <strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">In cholestasis, hydrophobic bile acids induce many cellular changes that can be counteracted by hydrophilic bile acids such as UDCA and TUDCA. </span></strong><span style="color: rgb(26, 188, 156)"><strong>(1) Hydrophobic bile acids are strong detergents that can cause membrane disruption by lipid solubilization, while hydrophilic bile acids like UDCA can bind to the apolar domain of cell membranes, stabilizing its molecular structure.</strong></span><strong> <span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)">(2) Bicarbonate secretion by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes has protective action against the detergent effects of hydrophobic bile acids. Treatment with hydrophilic bile acids induces bicarbonate secretion by several mechanisms including increasing of the anion exchanger 2 [AE2] expression. AE2 exchanges chloride by bicarbonate in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. </span><span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)">(3) Hydrophilic bile acids can also inhibit apoptotic signaling pathways at the level of mitochondria or indirectly through anti-inflammatory effects by binding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and counteracting the pro-inflammatory effects of bile acids, which are mediated by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9).</span></strong> <strong><span style="color: rgb(251, 160, 38)">(4) Cholestasis induces endocytic internalization of canalicular transporters, like the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). Treatment with hydrophilic bile acids increases the translocation of transporters such as BSEP and MRP2 into the canalicular membrane.</span></strong></p><p>[ATTACH=full]7859[/ATTACH]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 153638, member: 13851"] [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Fig. 2[/COLOR][/B] [B]Overview of the main hepatoprotective mechanisms of action of UDCA and TUDCA.[/B] [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]In cholestasis, hydrophobic bile acids induce many cellular changes that can be counteracted by hydrophilic bile acids such as UDCA and TUDCA. [/COLOR][/B][COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)][B](1) Hydrophobic bile acids are strong detergents that can cause membrane disruption by lipid solubilization, while hydrophilic bile acids like UDCA can bind to the apolar domain of cell membranes, stabilizing its molecular structure.[/B][/COLOR][B] [COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)](2) Bicarbonate secretion by hepatocytes and cholangiocytes has protective action against the detergent effects of hydrophobic bile acids. Treatment with hydrophilic bile acids induces bicarbonate secretion by several mechanisms including increasing of the anion exchanger 2 [AE2] expression. AE2 exchanges chloride by bicarbonate in both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)](3) Hydrophilic bile acids can also inhibit apoptotic signaling pathways at the level of mitochondria or indirectly through anti-inflammatory effects by binding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and counteracting the pro-inflammatory effects of bile acids, which are mediated by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9).[/COLOR][/B] [B][COLOR=rgb(251, 160, 38)](4) Cholestasis induces endocytic internalization of canalicular transporters, like the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). Treatment with hydrophilic bile acids increases the translocation of transporters such as BSEP and MRP2 into the canalicular membrane.[/COLOR][/B] [ATTACH=full]7859[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]
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General Health & Fitness
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UDCA, NorUDCA, and TUDCA in Liver Diseases: A Review of Their Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications
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