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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The Modulatory Effects of Testosterone on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 274078" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 1 A: Testosterone signaling.</strong> Testosterone binds to the androgen receptor in the cytoplasm, forming the androgen receptor (AR) complex. Upon dimerization, this complex translocases to the nucleus, binding to androgen response elements (AREs) in the promoters of specific genes thereby regulating gene transcription. Testosterone impacts numerous metabolic pathways generally promoting hypertrophy and attenuating oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes<strong>. B: Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM), with the impacts of testosterone highlighted. </strong>Pathways positively regulated by testosterone are indicated in green, whereas negative regulation is indicated in red. ADA, adenosine deaminase; AGE, advanced glycation end products; GSHPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSK-3b, glycogen synthase kinase-3b; HDAC4, histone deacetylase-4; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; KC, protein kinase C; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor-2; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NHE-1, sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1; NLRP3,nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3; NOX, NADPH oxidase; Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor2; PKC, protein kinase C; RAGE, receptor for AGEs; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; XO, xanthine oxidase. Figure created with Biorender.com (Toronto, ON, Canada).</p><p>[ATTACH=full]40749[/ATTACH]</p><p>[ATTACH=full]40750[/ATTACH]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 274078, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 1 A: Testosterone signaling.[/B] Testosterone binds to the androgen receptor in the cytoplasm, forming the androgen receptor (AR) complex. Upon dimerization, this complex translocases to the nucleus, binding to androgen response elements (AREs) in the promoters of specific genes thereby regulating gene transcription. Testosterone impacts numerous metabolic pathways generally promoting hypertrophy and attenuating oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes[B]. B: Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM), with the impacts of testosterone highlighted. [/B]Pathways positively regulated by testosterone are indicated in green, whereas negative regulation is indicated in red. ADA, adenosine deaminase; AGE, advanced glycation end products; GSHPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSK-3b, glycogen synthase kinase-3b; HDAC4, histone deacetylase-4; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; KC, protein kinase C; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor-2; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NHE-1, sodium-hydrogen exchanger-1; NLRP3,nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3; NOX, NADPH oxidase; Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor2; PKC, protein kinase C; RAGE, receptor for AGEs; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; XO, xanthine oxidase. Figure created with Biorender.com (Toronto, ON, Canada). [ATTACH type="full"]40749[/ATTACH] [ATTACH type="full"]40750[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The Modulatory Effects of Testosterone on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
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