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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The KiNG of reproduction: kisspeptin/ nNOS interactions shaping hypothalamic GnRH release
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 200849" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 4. nNOS and kisspeptin as the Yin-Yang of the GnRH network. In a concept of dualism, kisspeptin and nNOS neurons integrate and coordinate distinct signals in order to regulate GnRH secretion, driving the “GnRH pulse” and “GnRH surge” generators. The actions of the kisspeptin and nNOS populations seem to be counterbalanced, hence nNOS and kisspeptin could be represented as the Yin-Yang of GnRH network. NO may be synthesized by nNOS neurons in response to a kisspeptinergic drive in these neurons. During the positive feedback, high levels of estrogens stimulate the AVPV kisspeptin population (light blue), promoting the estrogen-induced kisspeptin-mediated phosphorylation of the nNOS enzyme, inducing NO production by the nNOS cells located in the OV/MePO (light red). NO, transduced via volume transmission to the scattered GnRH population (green), restrains the activity of GnRH neurons, enabling their synchronization. With the activity of GnRH neurons being synchronous, the population of GnRH neurons becomes primed for their subsequent activation by kisspeptin, promoting the GnRH surge. During the negative feedback, ARH kisspeptin neurons (dark blue) stimulate GnRH release. Concomitantly kisspeptin also activates nNOS cells, resulting in the production and diffusion of NO that will provide the “OFF” signal for the GnRH neurons simultaneously, enabling them to return to baseline and thus restore their ability to respond to the next stimulatory kisspeptin signal. ARH kisspeptin neurons (dark blue) could interact (1) directly with ARH nNOS neurons (dark red), in turn acting upon GnRH nerve terminals, or (2) indirectly with POA nNOS neurons (light red) via the AVPV kisspeptin population (light blue), that would in turn act upon neighboring GnRH neuronal soma.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]14128[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 200849, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 4. nNOS and kisspeptin as the Yin-Yang of the GnRH network. In a concept of dualism, kisspeptin and nNOS neurons integrate and coordinate distinct signals in order to regulate GnRH secretion, driving the “GnRH pulse” and “GnRH surge” generators. The actions of the kisspeptin and nNOS populations seem to be counterbalanced, hence nNOS and kisspeptin could be represented as the Yin-Yang of GnRH network. NO may be synthesized by nNOS neurons in response to a kisspeptinergic drive in these neurons. During the positive feedback, high levels of estrogens stimulate the AVPV kisspeptin population (light blue), promoting the estrogen-induced kisspeptin-mediated phosphorylation of the nNOS enzyme, inducing NO production by the nNOS cells located in the OV/MePO (light red). NO, transduced via volume transmission to the scattered GnRH population (green), restrains the activity of GnRH neurons, enabling their synchronization. With the activity of GnRH neurons being synchronous, the population of GnRH neurons becomes primed for their subsequent activation by kisspeptin, promoting the GnRH surge. During the negative feedback, ARH kisspeptin neurons (dark blue) stimulate GnRH release. Concomitantly kisspeptin also activates nNOS cells, resulting in the production and diffusion of NO that will provide the “OFF” signal for the GnRH neurons simultaneously, enabling them to return to baseline and thus restore their ability to respond to the next stimulatory kisspeptin signal. ARH kisspeptin neurons (dark blue) could interact (1) directly with ARH nNOS neurons (dark red), in turn acting upon GnRH nerve terminals, or (2) indirectly with POA nNOS neurons (light red) via the AVPV kisspeptin population (light blue), that would in turn act upon neighboring GnRH neuronal soma. [ATTACH type="full"]14128[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The KiNG of reproduction: kisspeptin/ nNOS interactions shaping hypothalamic GnRH release
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