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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The KiNG of reproduction: kisspeptin/ nNOS interactions shaping hypothalamic GnRH release
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 200847" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 2. The NO production and downstream signaling cascades (Upper panel) The nNOS-PSD-95- NMDAR ternary complex. nNOS activation and the subsequent production of NO are dependent on the assembly of a ternary complex involving nNOS, the scaffolding protein post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95), and the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR). The binding of glutamate to the NMDAR enables Ca2+ entry into the neuron activates the nNOS (physically interacting with the NR2B subunit of the NMDAR) via the creation of a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) complex. The activation of nNOS results in the production of NO by the enzymatic conversion of L-arginine (L-Arg) to L citrulline (L-Cit). In parallel, membrane-tethered nNOS is also subjected to post-transcriptional modifications, such as phosphorylation via protein kinase AKT at serine-1412, rapidly enhancing nNOS activity.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>(Bottom panel) The NO–cGMP signaling pathway. Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly soluble and membrane-permeable neurotransmitter. Once NO is released it stimulates the production of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by binding to soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), inducing a conformational change that results in activation of the enzyme and the subsequent conversion of GTP to cGMP. cGMP interacts with several intracellular targets like cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase (PDE), responsible for catalyzing the hydrolytic destruction of the cGMP to produce 5’-GMP. Considering that the biological and physiological effects of NO are influenced by its ambient concentration, i.e. the balance between its rate of synthesis and its rate of inactivation, the activity of the downstream effectors sGC and PDE is crucial for the cellular function in response to nNOS activation.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]14125[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 200847, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 2. The NO production and downstream signaling cascades (Upper panel) The nNOS-PSD-95- NMDAR ternary complex. nNOS activation and the subsequent production of NO are dependent on the assembly of a ternary complex involving nNOS, the scaffolding protein post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95), and the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR). The binding of glutamate to the NMDAR enables Ca2+ entry into the neuron activates the nNOS (physically interacting with the NR2B subunit of the NMDAR) via the creation of a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) complex. The activation of nNOS results in the production of NO by the enzymatic conversion of L-arginine (L-Arg) to L citrulline (L-Cit). In parallel, membrane-tethered nNOS is also subjected to post-transcriptional modifications, such as phosphorylation via protein kinase AKT at serine-1412, rapidly enhancing nNOS activity. (Bottom panel) The NO–cGMP signaling pathway. Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly soluble and membrane-permeable neurotransmitter. Once NO is released it stimulates the production of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by binding to soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), inducing a conformational change that results in activation of the enzyme and the subsequent conversion of GTP to cGMP. cGMP interacts with several intracellular targets like cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase (PDE), responsible for catalyzing the hydrolytic destruction of the cGMP to produce 5’-GMP. Considering that the biological and physiological effects of NO are influenced by its ambient concentration, i.e. the balance between its rate of synthesis and its rate of inactivation, the activity of the downstream effectors sGC and PDE is crucial for the cellular function in response to nNOS activation. [ATTACH type="full"]14125[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The KiNG of reproduction: kisspeptin/ nNOS interactions shaping hypothalamic GnRH release
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