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The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 149461" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><span style="font-size: 22px"><strong>REVIEW ARTICLE</strong></span></p><p>Front. Nutr., 24 May 2019 | <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00075" target="_blank">The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures</a></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="font-size: 26px"><strong>The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures</strong></span></p><p><a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/594677" target="_blank"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/594677/24" class="bbImage" alt="" data-url="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/594677/24" style="" />Sara Y. Oikawa</a>, <a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/737352" target="_blank"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/737352/24" class="bbImage" alt="" data-url="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/737352/24" style="" />Tanya M. Holloway</a>, and <a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/214674" target="_blank"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/214674/24" class="bbImage" alt="" data-url="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/214674/24" style="" />Stuart M. Phillips</a>*</p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><em><em>Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">McMaster University</span>, <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Hamilton</span>, <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">ON</span>, <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Canada</span></em></em></li> </ul><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">ABSTRACT</span></strong></p><p></p><p><em>Declines in strength and muscle function with age—sarcopenia—contribute to a variety of negative outcomes including an increased risk of falls, fractures, hospitalization, and reduced mobility in older persons. Population-based estimates of the loss of muscle after age 60 show a loss of ~1% per year while strength loss is more rapid at ~3% per year. These rates are not, however, linear as periodic bouts of reduced physical activity and muscle disuse transiently accelerate the loss of muscle and declines in muscle strength and power. Episodic complete muscle disuse can be due to sickness-related bed rest or local muscle disuse as a result of limb immobilization/surgery. Alternatively, relative muscle disuse occurs during inactivity due to illness and the associated convalescence resulting in marked reductions in daily steps, often referred to as step reduction (SR). While it is a “milder” form of disuse, it can have a similar adverse impact on skeletal muscle health. The physiological consequences of even short-term inactivity, modeled by SR, show losses in muscle mass and strength, as well as impaired insulin sensitivity and an increase in systemic inflammation. Though seemingly benign in comparison to bed rest, periodic inactivity likely occurs, we posit, more frequently with advancing age due to illness, declining mental health, and declining mobility. Given that recovery from inactivity in older adults is slow or possibly incomplete we hypothesize that accumulated periods of inactivity contribute to sarcopenia. Periodic activity, even in small quantities, and protein supplementation may serve as effective strategies to offset the loss of muscle mass with aging, specifically during periods of inactivity. The aim of this review is to examine the recent literature encompassing SR, as a model of inactivity, and to explore the capacity of nutrition and exercise interventions to mitigate adverse physiological changes as a result of SR.</em></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p></p><p><em><strong>Though it would be considered a significantly less catabolic stimulus than bed rest, SR as a model of reduced activity results in marked negative alterations in skeletal muscle health in younger and older adults. Periods of SR may occur at increased frequencies in comparison to complete unloading and with, we speculate, underappreciated consequences. In younger persons such periods may not be as deleterious as in older persons since, even given the small number of observations, it appears that older persons have difficulty fully recovering from SR or disuse. We propose that the periodic effects of muscle disuse and SR and the cumulative negative consequences that should be considered in addressing the longer-term health of aging individuals. These periods accelerate muscle loss and induce metabolic dysfunction which for older persons would have deleterious consequences. Resistance exercise, even low load and sporadically performed, may serve as an effective strategy to offset disuse-induced losses in skeletal muscle with SR. Importantly, resistive exercise combined with nutritional stimuli (high-quality protein, creatine, and n-3 fatty acids, energy balance) may aid in attenuating the decline in LBM with disuse and aid in the rehabilitation of muscle mass. Given, that nutritional modification or RT is not always feasible during disuse, future research should aim to examine how to improve the recovery period from SR using exercise, rehabilitation, or supplementation to improve the physiological decline with disuse.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 149461, member: 13851"] [SIZE=22px][B]REVIEW ARTICLE[/B][/SIZE] Front. Nutr., 24 May 2019 | [URL='https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00075']The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures[/URL] [SIZE=26px][B]The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures[/B][/SIZE] [URL='http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/594677'][IMG]https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/594677/24[/IMG]Sara Y. Oikawa[/URL], [URL='http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/737352'][IMG]https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/737352/24[/IMG]Tanya M. Holloway[/URL], and [URL='http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/214674'][IMG]https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/214674/24[/IMG]Stuart M. Phillips[/URL]* [LIST] [*][I][I]Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]McMaster University[/COLOR], [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Hamilton[/COLOR], [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]ON[/COLOR], [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Canada[/COLOR][/I][/I] [/LIST] [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]ABSTRACT[/COLOR][/B] [I]Declines in strength and muscle function with age—sarcopenia—contribute to a variety of negative outcomes including an increased risk of falls, fractures, hospitalization, and reduced mobility in older persons. Population-based estimates of the loss of muscle after age 60 show a loss of ~1% per year while strength loss is more rapid at ~3% per year. These rates are not, however, linear as periodic bouts of reduced physical activity and muscle disuse transiently accelerate the loss of muscle and declines in muscle strength and power. Episodic complete muscle disuse can be due to sickness-related bed rest or local muscle disuse as a result of limb immobilization/surgery. Alternatively, relative muscle disuse occurs during inactivity due to illness and the associated convalescence resulting in marked reductions in daily steps, often referred to as step reduction (SR). While it is a “milder” form of disuse, it can have a similar adverse impact on skeletal muscle health. The physiological consequences of even short-term inactivity, modeled by SR, show losses in muscle mass and strength, as well as impaired insulin sensitivity and an increase in systemic inflammation. Though seemingly benign in comparison to bed rest, periodic inactivity likely occurs, we posit, more frequently with advancing age due to illness, declining mental health, and declining mobility. Given that recovery from inactivity in older adults is slow or possibly incomplete we hypothesize that accumulated periods of inactivity contribute to sarcopenia. Periodic activity, even in small quantities, and protein supplementation may serve as effective strategies to offset the loss of muscle mass with aging, specifically during periods of inactivity. The aim of this review is to examine the recent literature encompassing SR, as a model of inactivity, and to explore the capacity of nutrition and exercise interventions to mitigate adverse physiological changes as a result of SR.[/I] [B]Conclusion[/B] [I][B]Though it would be considered a significantly less catabolic stimulus than bed rest, SR as a model of reduced activity results in marked negative alterations in skeletal muscle health in younger and older adults. Periods of SR may occur at increased frequencies in comparison to complete unloading and with, we speculate, underappreciated consequences. In younger persons such periods may not be as deleterious as in older persons since, even given the small number of observations, it appears that older persons have difficulty fully recovering from SR or disuse. We propose that the periodic effects of muscle disuse and SR and the cumulative negative consequences that should be considered in addressing the longer-term health of aging individuals. These periods accelerate muscle loss and induce metabolic dysfunction which for older persons would have deleterious consequences. Resistance exercise, even low load and sporadically performed, may serve as an effective strategy to offset disuse-induced losses in skeletal muscle with SR. Importantly, resistive exercise combined with nutritional stimuli (high-quality protein, creatine, and n-3 fatty acids, energy balance) may aid in attenuating the decline in LBM with disuse and aid in the rehabilitation of muscle mass. Given, that nutritional modification or RT is not always feasible during disuse, future research should aim to examine how to improve the recovery period from SR using exercise, rehabilitation, or supplementation to improve the physiological decline with disuse.[/B][/I] [/QUOTE]
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The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures
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