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The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion
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<blockquote data-quote="Vince" data-source="post: 184093" data-attributes="member: 843"><p>The critical contributions of the gut microbiota toward human digestion have just begun to be elucidated. Particularly, more recent research is revealing how the impacts of microbial metabolism extend beyond the GI tract, denoting the so-called gut-brain (e.g., biogenic amines acting as neurotransmitters) [<a href="https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR182" target="_blank">182</a>], gut-liver (e.g., alcohols) [<a href="https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR183" target="_blank">183</a>], gut-kidney (e.g., uremic toxins such as cresyl sulfate) [<a href="https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR135" target="_blank">135</a>], and gut-heart (e.g., trimethylamine) [<a href="https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR184" target="_blank">184</a>] axes. The primary focus to date has been on the SCFAs derived mainly from complex carbohydrates, and crucial knowledge gaps still remain in this area, specifically on how the SCFAs modulate glucose metabolism and fat deposition upon reaching the liver. However, the degradation of proteins and fats are comparatively less well understood. Due to both the diversity of metabolites that can be yielded and the complexity of microbial pathways, which can act as a self-regulating system that removes toxic by-products, it is not merely a matter of such processes effecting health positively or negatively, but rather how they are balanced. Further, the presentation of these substrates to the gut microbiota, as influenced by the relatively understudied host digestive processes occurring in the small intestine, is equally important. Future work could therefore aim to determine which of these pathways are upregulated and downregulated in disease states, such as autism and depression (gut-brain), NAFLD (gut-liver), chronic kidney disease (gut-kidney), and cardiovascular disease (gut-heart). Further, a combination of human- and culture- (in vitro and in vivo) based studies could resolve the spectrum of protein and fat degradation present among healthy individuals, in order to further our understanding of nutrient cycling in gut microbial ecosystems, and thus gain a necessary perspective for improving wellness.</p><p></p><p></p><p>[URL unfurl="true"]https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8[/URL]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Vince, post: 184093, member: 843"] The critical contributions of the gut microbiota toward human digestion have just begun to be elucidated. Particularly, more recent research is revealing how the impacts of microbial metabolism extend beyond the GI tract, denoting the so-called gut-brain (e.g., biogenic amines acting as neurotransmitters) [[URL='https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR182']182[/URL]], gut-liver (e.g., alcohols) [[URL='https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR183']183[/URL]], gut-kidney (e.g., uremic toxins such as cresyl sulfate) [[URL='https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR135']135[/URL]], and gut-heart (e.g., trimethylamine) [[URL='https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8#ref-CR184']184[/URL]] axes. The primary focus to date has been on the SCFAs derived mainly from complex carbohydrates, and crucial knowledge gaps still remain in this area, specifically on how the SCFAs modulate glucose metabolism and fat deposition upon reaching the liver. However, the degradation of proteins and fats are comparatively less well understood. Due to both the diversity of metabolites that can be yielded and the complexity of microbial pathways, which can act as a self-regulating system that removes toxic by-products, it is not merely a matter of such processes effecting health positively or negatively, but rather how they are balanced. Further, the presentation of these substrates to the gut microbiota, as influenced by the relatively understudied host digestive processes occurring in the small intestine, is equally important. Future work could therefore aim to determine which of these pathways are upregulated and downregulated in disease states, such as autism and depression (gut-brain), NAFLD (gut-liver), chronic kidney disease (gut-kidney), and cardiovascular disease (gut-heart). Further, a combination of human- and culture- (in vitro and in vivo) based studies could resolve the spectrum of protein and fat degradation present among healthy individuals, in order to further our understanding of nutrient cycling in gut microbial ecosystems, and thus gain a necessary perspective for improving wellness. [URL unfurl="true"]https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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The human gut microbiome is a critical component of digestion
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