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Fig. 2. Effects of FIN on the dysfunction of the dopaminergic system: evidence from experimental studies. This figure summarizes FIN effects on the dysfunction of the dopaminergic system. FIN treatment in rodents caused significantly decreased DA levels in the frontal cortex, Hip, Cpu, and NAc. The level of DA metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, in Cpu and NAc were also significantly decreased. In addition, the reduction in TH mRNA and protein expression in SN and VTA were found in FINtreated rodents. FIN decreased allopregnanolone levels leading to negative modulation of DARPP-32, a key molecule integrating information in the DA 1 signaling cascade. Finally, FIN may have an unknown direct effect on DA1-downstream signaling cascades or other mechanisms, independent of the alteration of neuroactive steroids. Abbreviations: NAc: nucleus accumbens; CPu: caudate putamen; Hip: hippocampus; SN: substantia nigra; VTA: ventral tegmental area; DA: dopamine; DOPAC: dihydroxy phenylacetic acid; HVA: homovanillic acid; TH: tyrosine hydroxylase; AADC: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; COMT: catechol-o-methyl transferase; DAT: dopamine transporter; VMAT2: vesicular monoamine transporter; DARPP-32: dopamine- and cAMPregulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa; D1R: dopamine receptor type 1; D2R: dopamine receptor type 2.

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