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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
SHBG: biomarker and hepatokine?
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 201853" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 1. <u>Regulation of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) synthesis by carbohydrate-induced de novo lipogenesis, based on previous in vitro and animal experiments and a recent genome-wide association study</u>. (A) Palmitate, the product of de novo lipogenesis from carbohydrates, inhibits the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and, consequently, SHBG synthesis [33]. (B) A recent genome-wide association study identified several genetic variants [indicated with RefSNP (rs) numbers] that encode proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis and that have been associated with serum SHBG levels [6]. First is a variant in the gene encoding glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) (rs1260326), a protein that binds and inactivates glucokinase. The second is a genetic variant in glucokinase (GCK) (rs1799831), an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first, rate-limiting step in glycolysis. The third is a variant in the gene encoding carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) (rs17145750), an important transcription factor of lipogenic enzymes. Fourth is a genetic variant in HNF4α (rs6073431), an important transcription factor of SHBG, and genetic variants of SHBG (rs1799941 and rs6258). These variants were all inversely associated with SHBG levels. Finally, a variant in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 gene (PNPLA3) (rs738409), which inhibits de novo lipogenesis and predisposes to intrahepatic lipid accumulation via an alternate pathway, was positively associated with SHBG levels.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]14526[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 201853, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 1. [U]Regulation of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) synthesis by carbohydrate-induced de novo lipogenesis, based on previous in vitro and animal experiments and a recent genome-wide association study[/U]. (A) Palmitate, the product of de novo lipogenesis from carbohydrates, inhibits the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and, consequently, SHBG synthesis [33]. (B) A recent genome-wide association study identified several genetic variants [indicated with RefSNP (rs) numbers] that encode proteins involved in de novo lipogenesis and that have been associated with serum SHBG levels [6]. First is a variant in the gene encoding glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) (rs1260326), a protein that binds and inactivates glucokinase. The second is a genetic variant in glucokinase (GCK) (rs1799831), an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the first, rate-limiting step in glycolysis. The third is a variant in the gene encoding carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) (rs17145750), an important transcription factor of lipogenic enzymes. Fourth is a genetic variant in HNF4α (rs6073431), an important transcription factor of SHBG, and genetic variants of SHBG (rs1799941 and rs6258). These variants were all inversely associated with SHBG levels. Finally, a variant in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 gene (PNPLA3) (rs738409), which inhibits de novo lipogenesis and predisposes to intrahepatic lipid accumulation via an alternate pathway, was positively associated with SHBG levels. [ATTACH type="full"]14526[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
SHBG: biomarker and hepatokine?
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