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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
Sex Neurosteroids: hormones made by the brain for the brain
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 198513" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>In general, hippocampal neurons are capable of synthesizing sex steroids de novo from cholesterol, since the brain is equipped with all the enzymes required for the synthesis of estradiol and testosterone, the end products of sex steroidogenesis.</em></strong> <strong><em>Regarding estradiol, its synthesis in hippocampal neurons is homeostatically controlled by Ca2+ transients and is regulated by GnRH. <u>Locally synthesized estradiol and testosterone maintain synaptic transmission and synaptic connectivity</u>. <u>Remarkably, the neurosteroid estradiol is effective in females, but not in males, and vice versa dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is effective in males, but not in females</u>.</em></strong> Experimentally induced inhibition of estradiol synthesis in females and DHT synthesis in males resp. results in synapse loss, impaired LTP, and downregulation of synaptic proteins. GnRH-induced increase in estradiol synthesis appears to provide a link between the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, which may underlie estrous cyclicity of spine density in the female hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons are sex-dependently differentiated with respect to the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to sex neurosteroids.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>NEUROSTEROIDS</strong></p><p></p><p><em><strong>*17β-Estradiol is synthesized de novo by hippocampal neurons</strong></em></p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>*Homeostasis of estradiol synthesis in hippocampal neurons</strong></em></p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>*Paracrine action of hippocampus-derived estradiol in female animals</strong></em></p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>*Hypothalamo-Hypophysial axis</strong></em></p><p><em><strong></strong></em></p><p><em><strong>*Sex-dependency in the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to estradiol</strong></em></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>In the female, but not in the male hippocampus, locally synthesized estradiol maintains hippocampal connectivity.</em></strong> Inhibition of estradiol synthesis results in a decrease in spine density, spine synapse density, in the expression of synaptic proteins in mice and in rat hippocampal slice cultures, and impaired long-term potentiation in acute and cultivated hippocampal slices. All effects could be rescued by estradiol. <strong><em>Gonadal estradiol very likely exerts an effect via regulation of GnRH release from the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates hippocampal estradiol synthesis, but estradiol of gonadal origin and present in serum is unlikely to have any direct effect on the hippocampus.</em></strong> <strong><em><u>Comparing the male and female hippocampus, it becomes evident that female neurons specifically respond to estradiol, while male neurons respond to androgens regarding synaptic plasticity in the</u> <u>hippocampus</u>.</em></strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 198513, member: 13851"] [B]ABSTRACT [I]In general, hippocampal neurons are capable of synthesizing sex steroids de novo from cholesterol, since the brain is equipped with all the enzymes required for the synthesis of estradiol and testosterone, the end products of sex steroidogenesis.[/I][/B] [B][I]Regarding estradiol, its synthesis in hippocampal neurons is homeostatically controlled by Ca2+ transients and is regulated by GnRH. [U]Locally synthesized estradiol and testosterone maintain synaptic transmission and synaptic connectivity[/U]. [U]Remarkably, the neurosteroid estradiol is effective in females, but not in males, and vice versa dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is effective in males, but not in females[/U].[/I][/B] Experimentally induced inhibition of estradiol synthesis in females and DHT synthesis in males resp. results in synapse loss, impaired LTP, and downregulation of synaptic proteins. GnRH-induced increase in estradiol synthesis appears to provide a link between the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, which may underlie estrous cyclicity of spine density in the female hippocampus. Hippocampal neurons are sex-dependently differentiated with respect to the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to sex neurosteroids. [B]NEUROSTEROIDS[/B] [I][B]*17β-Estradiol is synthesized de novo by hippocampal neurons *Homeostasis of estradiol synthesis in hippocampal neurons *Paracrine action of hippocampus-derived estradiol in female animals *Hypothalamo-Hypophysial axis *Sex-dependency in the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to estradiol[/B][/I] [B]Conclusion [I]In the female, but not in the male hippocampus, locally synthesized estradiol maintains hippocampal connectivity.[/I][/B] Inhibition of estradiol synthesis results in a decrease in spine density, spine synapse density, in the expression of synaptic proteins in mice and in rat hippocampal slice cultures, and impaired long-term potentiation in acute and cultivated hippocampal slices. All effects could be rescued by estradiol. [B][I]Gonadal estradiol very likely exerts an effect via regulation of GnRH release from the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates hippocampal estradiol synthesis, but estradiol of gonadal origin and present in serum is unlikely to have any direct effect on the hippocampus.[/I][/B] [B][I][U]Comparing the male and female hippocampus, it becomes evident that female neurons specifically respond to estradiol, while male neurons respond to androgens regarding synaptic plasticity in the[/U] [U]hippocampus[/U].[/I][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
Sex Neurosteroids: hormones made by the brain for the brain
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