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3. Emerging Regenerative Therapeutic Approaches for ED

3.1. Improving Erectile Functions Through Stem Cell-Based Bioengineering

3.2. Potential Rescuing Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on ED

3.3. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

3.4. Induced Pluripotent and Other Stem Cell-Based Approaches for ED

[ATTACH=full]9761[/ATTACH]
Figure 4. Mechanistic insight into stem cell-based therapy of ED. The most widely studied stem cell types for ED include adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), urine-derived stem cells (UDSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and neural embryonic stem cells (NESCs). During repair and regeneration, the stem cells regulate signaling pathways such as SDF/CXCR4 to mobilize, proliferate, and differentiate stem cells into nerve and endothelial cells. Further, these cells also release growth factors such as VEGF and BDNF to promote angiogenesis and nerve fiber regeneration, respectively. Upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase results in reduced fibrosis and an increase in smooth muscle cell content in corpus cavernosum. Eventually, the immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic impact of stem cells controls any further injury to penile nerves or muscles. Thus, the cumulative effect of stem cells renders it a potent regenerative therapeutic candidate for ED. MAP, mean arterial pressure.

<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 178827" data-attributes="member: 13851">3. Emerging Regenerative Therapeutic Approaches for ED3.1. Improving Erectile Functions Through Stem Cell-Based Bioengineering3.2. Potential Rescuing Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on ED3.3. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells3.4. Induced Pluripotent and Other Stem Cell-Based Approaches for ED[ATTACH=full]9761[/ATTACH]Figure 4. Mechanistic insight into stem cell-based therapy of ED. The most widely studied stem cell types for ED include adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), urine-derived stem cells (UDSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and neural embryonic stem cells (NESCs). During repair and regeneration, the stem cells regulate signaling pathways such as SDF/CXCR4 to mobilize, proliferate, and differentiate stem cells into nerve and endothelial cells. Further, these cells also release growth factors such as VEGF and BDNF to promote angiogenesis and nerve fiber regeneration, respectively. Upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase results in reduced fibrosis and an increase in smooth muscle cell content in corpus cavernosum. Eventually, the immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic impact of stem cells controls any further injury to penile nerves or muscles. Thus, the cumulative effect of stem cells renders it a potent regenerative therapeutic candidate for ED. MAP, mean arterial pressure. </blockquote>

[QUOTE="madman, post: 178827, member: 13851"] [B]3. Emerging Regenerative Therapeutic Approaches for ED [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]3.1. Improving Erectile Functions Through Stem Cell-Based Bioengineering 3.2. Potential Rescuing Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on ED 3.3. Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells 3.4. Induced Pluripotent and Other Stem Cell-Based Approaches for ED[/COLOR][/B] [ATTACH type="full"]9761[/ATTACH] [B]Figure 4. [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Mechanistic insight into stem cell-based therapy of ED.[/COLOR] The most widely studied stem cell types for ED include adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs), urine-derived stem cells (UDSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and neural embryonic stem cells (NESCs). During repair and regeneration, the stem cells regulate signaling pathways such as SDF/CXCR4 to mobilize, proliferate, and differentiate stem cells into nerve and endothelial cells. Further, these cells also release growth factors such as VEGF and BDNF to promote angiogenesis and nerve fiber regeneration, respectively. Upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase results in reduced fibrosis and an increase in smooth muscle cell content in corpus cavernosum. Eventually, the immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic impact of stem cells controls any further injury to penile nerves or muscles. Thus, the cumulative effect of stem cells renders it a potent regenerative therapeutic candidate for ED. MAP, mean arterial pressure. [/B] [/QUOTE]

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TRT Hormone Predictor Widget

Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038