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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
When Testosterone Is Not Enough
Promising role of medicinal plants in the regulation and management of male ED
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 184347" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">1.</span> Introduction </strong></p><p></p><p><em><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Male erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence refers to incompetence to reach and retain adequate penile tumescence for sexual intercourse [1]. Over 152 million men globally suffer from ED [1]. The global issue of ED is anticipated to affect around 322 million males by 2025 [46,47]. Incompetence in accomplishing normal penile erection leads to depression, loss of self-confidence, socialization, and communication with the family [4]. Also, ED leads to conflicts in the relationships that negatively influence the well-being of the couple [5].</span></em> <span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><em>ED led men to seek medical care. The fundamental workup for patients with ED includes a detailed history of family, medical, social, and sexual history, helps to disclose the underlying onset of ED. Family history includes diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [6,7]. The medical history includes medications used for depression, mental illness, CVDs, and hypertension [3,41]. Social history should include a history of smoking, drug use, alcohol consumption, diet, and exercise [7].</em></span> A detailed sexual history includes open-ended questions that require the patient to elaborate more about sexual performance, previous and current relationships, and sexual health status [6,7].</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.</span> Views on male erectile dysfunction </strong></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>2.1. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Physiology of the penis</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The penis is one of the major parts of the male reproductive system. </span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em>It consists of three erectile (cavernous) tissues, two corpora cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum. </em></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">The urethra extended inside the penis to the urinary meatus that opens outside. The deep penile artery and glans or head of the penis are covered with foreskin or prepuce [12–15].</span></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>2.2.</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong> Etiology of male erectile dysfunction </strong></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.2.1. Endocrinopathies induced erectile dysfunction </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.2.2. Neurogenic erectile dysfunction </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.2.3. Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>2.3. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Risk factors for male erectile dysfunction </strong></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.1. Diabetes </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.2. Hypertension </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.3. Obesity</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.4. Lack of physical activity </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.5. Alcoholism </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.6. Cigarette smoking </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.7. Drugs induced erectile dysfunction </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">2.3.8. Psychological factors </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>3. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Sex therapy </strong></span></p><p></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>3.1. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction </strong></span></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.1. Phosphodiesterase 5 enzyme activity </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.2. Nitric oxide synthase uncoupling </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.3. Insulin signaling pathway</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.4. Glucose oxidation-induced superoxide production </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.5. Renin-angiotensin system </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">3.1.6. Acetylcholinesterase pathway </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>4. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Treatment of male erectile dysfunction</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong> </strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>4.1. </strong></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">Phosphodiesterase inhibitors</span></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">4.2. </span>Alprostadil </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">4.3.</span> Penile prosthesis surgery </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">4.4.</span> Gonadotropin replacement therapy </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.</span> Promising medicinal plants for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.</span> Animal testing and in vitro studies </strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.1. Arctium lappa L </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.2. Anogeissus leiocarpus </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.3. Asteracantha longifolia (L.) nees </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.4. Berberine </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.5. Bulbine natalensis (Baker) </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.6. Camellia sinensi </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.7. Cinnamomum cassia </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.8. Curcuma longa Linn </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.9. Cyperus esculentus L </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.10. Epimedium sagittatum </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.11. Ficus capensis </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.12. Garcinia kola </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.13. Ginkgo biloba </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.14. Gloriosa superba L </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.15. Hunteria umbellata </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.16. Massularia acuminata</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.17. Microdesmis keayana </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.18. Moringa oleifera Lam </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.19. Myristica fragnans </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.20. Ocimum gratissium linn </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.21. Pseudopanax arboreus</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.1.22. Telfairia occidentalis </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>5.2. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Clinical studies</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"> </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.1. Crocus sativus L. - Saffron </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.2. Eurycoma longifolia Jack </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.3. Panax ginseng </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.4. Tribulus terrestris </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.5. Yohimbine </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">5.2.6. VigRx plus </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>6. </strong></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong> </strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong><em>ED is a complex disorder involving several pathophysiologic mechanisms such as </em></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><strong><em>nitric oxide synthase, insulin resistance, glucose oxidation-induced superoxide production, renin-angiotensin system, and acetylcholinesterase. </em></strong></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em><strong>Owing to the side effects resulting from usage of PDE inhibitors, alprostadil, penile prosthesis and hormonal replacement therapies excited prompted researchers’ interest to investigate more medicinal plant species and natural active constituents to alleviate and cure ED. </strong></em></span><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><em><strong>Few clinical trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants for the treatment of ED. According to the results of animal experiments and in vitro studies, medicinal plants have revealed potential therapeutic effects against male ED. Clinical trials on these medicinal plants could help in the development of new and abundant drugs for ED treatment. </strong></em></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 184347, member: 13851"] [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]1.[/COLOR] Introduction [/B] [I][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Male erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence refers to incompetence to reach and retain adequate penile tumescence for sexual intercourse [1]. Over 152 million men globally suffer from ED [1]. The global issue of ED is anticipated to affect around 322 million males by 2025 [46,47]. Incompetence in accomplishing normal penile erection leads to depression, loss of self-confidence, socialization, and communication with the family [4]. Also, ED leads to conflicts in the relationships that negatively influence the well-being of the couple [5].[/COLOR][/I] [COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][I]ED led men to seek medical care. The fundamental workup for patients with ED includes a detailed history of family, medical, social, and sexual history, helps to disclose the underlying onset of ED. Family history includes diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [6,7]. The medical history includes medications used for depression, mental illness, CVDs, and hypertension [3,41]. Social history should include a history of smoking, drug use, alcohol consumption, diet, and exercise [7].[/I][/COLOR] A detailed sexual history includes open-ended questions that require the patient to elaborate more about sexual performance, previous and current relationships, and sexual health status [6,7]. [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]2.[/COLOR] Views on male erectile dysfunction [/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B]2.1. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Physiology of the penis[/B] The penis is one of the major parts of the male reproductive system. [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I]It consists of three erectile (cavernous) tissues, two corpora cavernosa, and corpus spongiosum. [/I][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)]The urethra extended inside the penis to the urinary meatus that opens outside. The deep penile artery and glans or head of the penis are covered with foreskin or prepuce [12–15].[/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B]2.2.[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B] Etiology of male erectile dysfunction [/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]2.2.1. Endocrinopathies induced erectile dysfunction 2.2.2. Neurogenic erectile dysfunction 2.2.3. Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction [B]2.3. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Risk factors for male erectile dysfunction [/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]2.3.1. Diabetes 2.3.2. Hypertension 2.3.3. Obesity 2.3.4. Lack of physical activity 2.3.5. Alcoholism 2.3.6. Cigarette smoking 2.3.7. Drugs induced erectile dysfunction 2.3.8. Psychological factors [B]3. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Sex therapy [/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B]3.1. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction [/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]3.1.1. Phosphodiesterase 5 enzyme activity 3.1.2. Nitric oxide synthase uncoupling 3.1.3. Insulin signaling pathway 3.1.4. Glucose oxidation-induced superoxide production 3.1.5. Renin-angiotensin system 3.1.6. Acetylcholinesterase pathway [B]4. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Treatment of male erectile dysfunction[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B] 4.1. [/B][/COLOR][B][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)]Phosphodiesterase inhibitors[/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]4.2. [/COLOR]Alprostadil [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]4.3.[/COLOR] Penile prosthesis surgery [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]4.4.[/COLOR] Gonadotropin replacement therapy [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]5.[/COLOR] Promising medicinal plants for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]5.1.[/COLOR] Animal testing and in vitro studies [/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]5.1.1. Arctium lappa L 5.1.2. Anogeissus leiocarpus 5.1.3. Asteracantha longifolia (L.) nees 5.1.4. Berberine 5.1.5. Bulbine natalensis (Baker) 5.1.6. Camellia sinensi 5.1.7. Cinnamomum cassia 5.1.8. Curcuma longa Linn 5.1.9. Cyperus esculentus L 5.1.10. Epimedium sagittatum 5.1.11. Ficus capensis 5.1.12. Garcinia kola 5.1.13. Ginkgo biloba 5.1.14. Gloriosa superba L 5.1.15. Hunteria umbellata 5.1.16. Massularia acuminata 5.1.17. Microdesmis keayana 5.1.18. Moringa oleifera Lam 5.1.19. Myristica fragnans 5.1.20. Ocimum gratissium linn 5.1.21. Pseudopanax arboreus 5.1.22. Telfairia occidentalis [B]5.2. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Clinical studies[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)] 5.2.1. Crocus sativus L. - Saffron 5.2.2. Eurycoma longifolia Jack 5.2.3. Panax ginseng 5.2.4. Tribulus terrestris 5.2.5. Yohimbine 5.2.6. VigRx plus [B]6. [/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(0, 0, 0)][B]Conclusion[/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B] [I]ED is a complex disorder involving several pathophysiologic mechanisms such as [/I][/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][B][I]nitric oxide synthase, insulin resistance, glucose oxidation-induced superoxide production, renin-angiotensin system, and acetylcholinesterase. [/I][/B][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I][B]Owing to the side effects resulting from usage of PDE inhibitors, alprostadil, penile prosthesis and hormonal replacement therapies excited prompted researchers’ interest to investigate more medicinal plant species and natural active constituents to alleviate and cure ED. [/B][/I][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][I][B]Few clinical trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants for the treatment of ED. According to the results of animal experiments and in vitro studies, medicinal plants have revealed potential therapeutic effects against male ED. Clinical trials on these medicinal plants could help in the development of new and abundant drugs for ED treatment. [/B][/I][/COLOR] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
When Testosterone Is Not Enough
Promising role of medicinal plants in the regulation and management of male ED
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