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Figure 1. Structure of the four natural estrogens, estrogen receptors (α and β) and ligand-binding domains. A: Structure of natural estrogens. E1 and E2: adult estrogens; E3 and E4: fetal estrogens. B: Estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Functional domains include the DNA-binding domain (DBD), ligand-binding domain (LBD), and two transcriptional activation functions, AF-1 and AF-2. The A/B domain, at the protein amino terminus (NH2), contains AF-1. The C domain binds to DNA motifs (consensus estrogen response elements [EREs]). The D domain (the hinge region) is involved in specific DNA binding and nuclear ER localization. The E domain is the LBD: it interacts with estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and contains the AF-2 region. The carboxy terminus (COOH) is at the F domain. C&D: Ribbon diagrams. ERα-LBD structure complexed with estrogens (blue:E2; red:E3; green:E4). C: Ball-and-stick rendering of the ligand-binding site of the ligands and their interacting residues. Dotted lines: hydrogen bonds. D: LBDs depicted in C and the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) peptide fragment coactivator protein complexed with E3 or E4 only (darker red/green). Ligand: represented as space-filled model. Helix 12 position depicted by a narrow. Panel B adapted from Arnal JF, et al (2017) [3], and panels C and D from Abot A, et al (2014) [48].
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 284846" data-attributes="member: 13851">Figure 1. Structure of the four natural estrogens, estrogen receptors (α and β) and ligand-binding domains. A: Structure of natural estrogens. E1 and E2: adult estrogens; E3 and E4: fetal estrogens. B: Estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Functional domains include the DNA-binding domain (DBD), ligand-binding domain (LBD), and two transcriptional activation functions, AF-1 and AF-2. The A/B domain, at the protein amino terminus (NH2), contains AF-1. The C domain binds to DNA motifs (consensus estrogen response elements [EREs]). The D domain (the hinge region) is involved in specific DNA binding and nuclear ER localization. The E domain is the LBD: it interacts with estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and contains the AF-2 region. The carboxy terminus (COOH) is at the F domain. C&amp;D: Ribbon diagrams. ERα-LBD structure complexed with estrogens (blue:E2; red:E3; green:E4). C: Ball-and-stick rendering of the ligand-binding site of the ligands and their interacting residues. Dotted lines: hydrogen bonds. D: LBDs depicted in C and the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) peptide fragment coactivator protein complexed with E3 or E4 only (darker red/green). Ligand: represented as space-filled model. Helix 12 position depicted by a narrow. Panel B adapted from Arnal JF, et al (2017) [3], and panels C and D from Abot A, et al (2014) [48].[ATTACH=full]46290[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]46291[/ATTACH][ATTACH=full]46292[/ATTACH]</blockquote>

[QUOTE="madman, post: 284846, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 1. Structure of the four natural estrogens, estrogen receptors (α and β) and ligand-binding domains. A: Structure of natural estrogens. [U]E1 and E2[/U]:[/B] [B]adult estrogens; [U]E3 and E4[/U]: fetal estrogens.[/B] [B]B: Estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). [/B]Functional domains include the DNA-binding domain (DBD), ligand-binding domain (LBD), and two transcriptional activation functions, AF-1 and AF-2. The A/B domain, at the protein amino terminus (NH2), contains AF-1. The C domain binds to DNA motifs (consensus estrogen response elements [EREs]). The D domain (the hinge region) is involved in specific DNA binding and nuclear ER localization. The E domain is the LBD: it interacts with estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and contains the AF-2 region. The carboxy terminus (COOH) is at the F domain. [B]C&D: Ribbon diagrams. ERα-LBD structure complexed with estrogens (blue:E2; red:E3; green:E4). C: Ball-and-stick rendering of the ligand-binding site of the ligands and their interacting residues. Dotted lines: hydrogen bonds. D: LBDs depicted in C and the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) peptide fragment coactivator protein complexed with E3 or E4 only (darker red/green). Ligand: represented as space-filled model. Helix 12 position depicted by a narrow. Panel B adapted from Arnal JF, et al (2017) [3], and panels C and D from Abot A, et al (2014) [48].[/B] [ATTACH type="full"]46290[/ATTACH] [ATTACH type="full"]46291[/ATTACH] [ATTACH type="full"]46292[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]

Verification

TRT Hormone Predictor Widget

Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038