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Fig. 5. Guanylyl cyclase, a soluble NO receptor, binds to NO and, through cGMP-mediated signaling, functions as either a pre- or post-synaptic messenger. Since synaptophysin is essential for the fusion of presynaptic vesicles, synaptophysin is phosphorylated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) pathway, which is activated by NO as a neurotransmitter. This process can lead to potentiating and facilitating neurotransmission [157]. Synaptic glutamate release also triggers the activation of postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR), which in turn causes Ca2+ to trigger nNOS. NO will diffuse to activate the sGC and produce cGMP, which can influence the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters and target various ion channels among other signaling tasks. An interaction between nNOS and CAPON causes a cascade of downstream MAP kinases to begin, thereby nuclear transcription
[ATTACH=full]33052[/ATTACH]

<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 255906" data-attributes="member: 13851">Fig. 5. Guanylyl cyclase, a soluble NO receptor, binds to NO and, through cGMP-mediated signaling, functions as either a pre- or post-synaptic messenger. Since synaptophysin is essential for the fusion of presynaptic vesicles, synaptophysin is phosphorylated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) pathway, which is activated by NO as a neurotransmitter. This process can lead to potentiating and facilitating neurotransmission [157]. Synaptic glutamate release also triggers the activation of postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR), which in turn causes Ca2+ to trigger nNOS. NO will diffuse to activate the sGC and produce cGMP, which can influence the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters and target various ion channels among other signaling tasks. An interaction between nNOS and CAPON causes a cascade of downstream MAP kinases to begin, thereby nuclear transcription[ATTACH=full]33052[/ATTACH]</blockquote>

[QUOTE="madman, post: 255906, member: 13851"] [B]Fig. 5. Guanylyl cyclase, a soluble NO receptor, binds to NO and, through cGMP-mediated signaling, functions as either a pre- or post-synaptic messenger.[/B] Since synaptophysin is essential for the fusion of presynaptic vesicles, synaptophysin is phosphorylated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG) pathway, which is activated by NO as a neurotransmitter. This process can lead to potentiating and facilitating neurotransmission [157]. Synaptic glutamate release also triggers the activation of postsynaptic NMDA and AMPA receptors (NMDAR, AMPAR), which in turn causes Ca2+ to trigger nNOS. NO will diffuse to activate the sGC and produce cGMP, which can influence the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters and target various ion channels among other signaling tasks. An interaction between nNOS and CAPON causes a cascade of downstream MAP kinases to begin, thereby nuclear transcription [ATTACH type="full"]33052[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]

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TRT Hormone Predictor Widget

Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038