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Clinical Use of Anabolics and Hormones
Clinical Use of Anabolics and Hormones
Nandrolone for Mood | Feeling much Better..
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<blockquote data-quote="tareload" data-source="post: 222615"><p>[URL unfurl="true"]https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2014[/URL]</p><p></p><h3>Reactive oxygen species: players in the cardiovascular effects of testosterone</h3><p></p><h2><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><em>Summary</em></span></em></h2><p><em><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><em>The role of testosterone in mediating or protecting against ROS and antioxidant capacity in the cardiovascular system is far from being clear, with testosterone presenting prooxidant as well as antioxidant effects. There are various possible contributing factors to these discrepant effects of testosterone in the cardiovascular system and in the other tissues and organs: 1) acute vs. chronic differential effects are possibly due to activation of distinct sets of signaling pathways, as reported with other hormones and neurotransmitters; 2) the initial metabolic-energetic-redox status of the cell may exacerbate cardiovascular risk; 3) global (or local) increases in testosterone may produce differential effects based on the specific cell types that are stimulated; 4) the concentrations of testosterone (physiological, supraphysiological) may produce different effects; 5) the steroid ester used (testosterone cypionate, decanoate, undecanoate, enanthate, propionate, heptylate, caproate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, acetate) changes the compound solubility in water and slows the release of the parent steroid, i.e., changes absorption time. Different esters are also susceptible to the presence of native and selective esterases in the many complex biological/cellular environments and can mask specific functional groups. These processes may confer different responses to different esters; 6) the “sex” of the individual or cell/tissue may determine differential effects of testosterone; and not least, 7) different animal species (mice, rats, humans, rabbits, birds) and the age, duration, and characteristics of the diseases/conditions upon which testosterone effects are determined are not fully understood. The complexity of testosterone effects is evident, and further basic and clinical studies are required for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which testosterone gains its biological activity independent of reproduction, which may be detrimental and/or beneficial to the cardiovascular system.</em></span></em></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="tareload, post: 222615"] [URL unfurl="true"]https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpregu.00392.2014[/URL] [HEADING=2]Reactive oxygen species: players in the cardiovascular effects of testosterone[/HEADING] [HEADING=1][I][FONT=Arial][I]Summary[/I][/FONT][/I][/HEADING] [I][FONT=Arial][I]The role of testosterone in mediating or protecting against ROS and antioxidant capacity in the cardiovascular system is far from being clear, with testosterone presenting prooxidant as well as antioxidant effects. There are various possible contributing factors to these discrepant effects of testosterone in the cardiovascular system and in the other tissues and organs: 1) acute vs. chronic differential effects are possibly due to activation of distinct sets of signaling pathways, as reported with other hormones and neurotransmitters; 2) the initial metabolic-energetic-redox status of the cell may exacerbate cardiovascular risk; 3) global (or local) increases in testosterone may produce differential effects based on the specific cell types that are stimulated; 4) the concentrations of testosterone (physiological, supraphysiological) may produce different effects; 5) the steroid ester used (testosterone cypionate, decanoate, undecanoate, enanthate, propionate, heptylate, caproate, phenylpropionate, isocaproate, acetate) changes the compound solubility in water and slows the release of the parent steroid, i.e., changes absorption time. Different esters are also susceptible to the presence of native and selective esterases in the many complex biological/cellular environments and can mask specific functional groups. These processes may confer different responses to different esters; 6) the “sex” of the individual or cell/tissue may determine differential effects of testosterone; and not least, 7) different animal species (mice, rats, humans, rabbits, birds) and the age, duration, and characteristics of the diseases/conditions upon which testosterone effects are determined are not fully understood. The complexity of testosterone effects is evident, and further basic and clinical studies are required for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which testosterone gains its biological activity independent of reproduction, which may be detrimental and/or beneficial to the cardiovascular system.[/I][/FONT][/I] [/QUOTE]
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Clinical Use of Anabolics and Hormones
Clinical Use of Anabolics and Hormones
Nandrolone for Mood | Feeling much Better..
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