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Metabolic effects of L-citrulline in type 2 diabetes
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 245094" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 2.<u> Proposed mechanisms by which L-citrulline (Cit) stimulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cells</u>. These include (1) activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) via (a) inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐ sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) and (b) increase in intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); (2) stimulation of insulin gene promoter; (3) S-nitrosylation of glucokinase (GK); and (4) promotion of ATP production in the mitochondrion through the coupling of the Cit-Arg cycle to the Krebs cycle via the malate-aspartate shuttle. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ASS, argininosuccinate synthetase; cNOS, constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ETC, electron transport chain; GLUT2, glucose transporter type 2; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; mCAT2A, mouse cationic amino acid transporter 2A; OAA, oxaloacetate; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Created with BioRender.com</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]28884[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 245094, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 2.[U] Proposed mechanisms by which L-citrulline (Cit) stimulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cells[/U]. These include (1) activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) via (a) inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐ sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) and (b) increase in intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); (2) stimulation of insulin gene promoter; (3) S-nitrosylation of glucokinase (GK); and (4) promotion of ATP production in the mitochondrion through the coupling of the Cit-Arg cycle to the Krebs cycle via the malate-aspartate shuttle. ADP, adenosine diphosphate; ASL, argininosuccinate lyase; ASS, argininosuccinate synthetase; cNOS, constitutive nitric oxide (NO) synthase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ETC, electron transport chain; GLUT2, glucose transporter type 2; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; mCAT2A, mouse cationic amino acid transporter 2A; OAA, oxaloacetate; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle. Created with BioRender.com [ATTACH type="full"]28884[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Metabolic effects of L-citrulline in type 2 diabetes
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