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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
Mechanisms Underlying the Metabolic Actions of T in the Human
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 188223" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 2: <span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)">Cellular effects of testosterone that contribute to increasing insulin signaling and glucose uptake. </span>Mechanisms noted in various tissues are depicted in a combined manner in the figure. <span style="color: rgb(26, 188, 156)">Stimulatory effects of testosterone are shown as “+” in green square</span> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">and inhibitory effects are shown as “-” in a red oval shape. </span><span style="color: rgb(251, 160, 38)">“+” or “-” in white ovals depict the effects of insulin signaling mediators other than testosterone.</span> It is not known how the stimulatory effect of testosterone therapy on androgen receptor expression and protein is linked to the mechanisms shown in the figure. Abbreviations: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta<span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"> (IKK-β)</span>, Suppressor of cytokine signaling <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(SOCS)</span>-3, Phosphatase and tensin homolog <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(PTEN)</span>, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(PTP-IB)</span>, Toll-like receptor <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(TLR)</span>-4, Insulin receptor<span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"> (IR)</span>, insulin receptor substrate <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(IRS)</span>, Protein kinase B <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(AKT)</span>, Glucose transporter type 4 <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(GLUT-4)</span>, Free fatty acids <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(FFA)</span>, Phosphoinositide 3-kinases <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(PI3K)</span>, adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(AMPK)</span>, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(PIP3)</span>, 3- phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(PDK1)</span>, Akt substrate <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(AS)</span> 160, Rab <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">(G protein member of Ras superfamily) </span></strong></p><p>[ATTACH=full]10936[/ATTACH]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 188223, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 2: [COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)]Cellular effects of testosterone that contribute to increasing insulin signaling and glucose uptake. [/COLOR]Mechanisms noted in various tissues are depicted in a combined manner in the figure. [COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)]Stimulatory effects of testosterone are shown as “+” in green square[/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]and inhibitory effects are shown as “-” in a red oval shape. [/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(251, 160, 38)]“+” or “-” in white ovals depict the effects of insulin signaling mediators other than testosterone.[/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(239, 239, 239)] [/COLOR]It is not known how the stimulatory effect of testosterone therapy on androgen receptor expression and protein is linked to the mechanisms shown in the figure. Abbreviations: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta[COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)] (IKK-β)[/COLOR], Suppressor of cytokine signaling [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](SOCS)[/COLOR]-3, Phosphatase and tensin homolog [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](PTEN)[/COLOR], protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](PTP-IB)[/COLOR], Toll-like receptor [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](TLR)[/COLOR]-4, Insulin receptor[COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)] (IR)[/COLOR], insulin receptor substrate [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](IRS)[/COLOR], Protein kinase B [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](AKT)[/COLOR], Glucose transporter type 4 [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](GLUT-4)[/COLOR], Free fatty acids [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](FFA)[/COLOR], Phosphoinositide 3-kinases [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](PI3K)[/COLOR], adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](AMPK)[/COLOR], phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](PIP3)[/COLOR], 3- phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](PDK1)[/COLOR], Akt substrate [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](AS)[/COLOR] 160, Rab [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)](G protein member of Ras superfamily) [/COLOR][/B] [ATTACH type="full"]10936[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
Mechanisms Underlying the Metabolic Actions of T in the Human
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