ExcelMale
Menu
Home
What's new
Latest activity
Forums
New posts
Search forums
What's new
New posts
Latest activity
Videos
Lab Tests
Doctor Finder
Buy Books
About Us
Men’s Health Coaching
Log in
Register
What's new
Search
Search
Search titles only
By:
New posts
Search forums
Menu
Log in
Register
Navigation
Install the app
Install
More options
Contact us
Close Menu
Forums
Mental Health
Ketamine: A tale of two enantiomers
JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.
You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
You should upgrade or use an
alternative browser
.
Reply to thread
Message
<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 198081" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 3. Proposed signalling pathways underlying the antidepressant actions of ketamine enantiomers and metabolites. Top: (S)-ketamine causes glutamate release via disinhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons. The resulting glutamate surge stimulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors leading to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with resulting activation of tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling. This leads to increased synthesis of proteins required for synaptogenesis. (S)-ketamine and (S)-norketamine suppress resting N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity, deactivating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase, resulting in reduced eEF2 phosphorylation, augmentation of BDNF synthesis and TrkB-mTORC1 activation. Bottom: (R)-ketamine causes glutamate release via disinhibition of GABA interneurons with activation of AMPA receptors and BDNF release but there may be an alternative pathway by which (R)-ketamine stimulates AMPA receptor transmission that still needs to be elucidated. (R)-ketamine may cause preferential activation of TrkB-MEK-ERK signalling pathway leading to synaptogenesis. (2R,6R)-HNK directly activates AMPA receptors and inhibition of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptors may also be involved in this metabolite’s antidepressant actions.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]13467[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 198081, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 3. Proposed signalling pathways underlying the antidepressant actions of ketamine enantiomers and metabolites. Top: (S)-ketamine causes glutamate release via disinhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons. The resulting glutamate surge stimulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors leading to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with resulting activation of tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling. This leads to increased synthesis of proteins required for synaptogenesis. (S)-ketamine and (S)-norketamine suppress resting N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity, deactivating eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase, resulting in reduced eEF2 phosphorylation, augmentation of BDNF synthesis and TrkB-mTORC1 activation. Bottom: (R)-ketamine causes glutamate release via disinhibition of GABA interneurons with activation of AMPA receptors and BDNF release but there may be an alternative pathway by which (R)-ketamine stimulates AMPA receptor transmission that still needs to be elucidated. (R)-ketamine may cause preferential activation of TrkB-MEK-ERK signalling pathway leading to synaptogenesis. (2R,6R)-HNK directly activates AMPA receptors and inhibition of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptors may also be involved in this metabolite’s antidepressant actions. [ATTACH type="full"]13467[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
Insert quotes…
Verification
Post reply
Share this page
Facebook
Twitter
Reddit
Pinterest
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Email
Share
Link
Sponsors
Forums
Mental Health
Ketamine: A tale of two enantiomers
This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register.
By continuing to use this site, you are consenting to our use of cookies.
Accept
Learn more…
Top