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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
INSL3 Levels Are Reduced in Former Users of AAS Suggesting Persistent Impaired Leydig Cell Function
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 197805" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Background</strong></p><p></p><p>Illicit use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has emerged as a public health concern among men, but the long-term effect on gonadal function is still unresolved. <strong><em>Serum insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has emerged as a novel and potentially superior marker of Leydig cell function than serum testosterone per se. INSL3 synthesis and secretion exhibit far less daily variation than testosterone.</em></strong> Further, serum INSL3 levels are not related to body composition. The objective of this study was to investigate INSL3 as a marker of Leydig cell function in former AAS users.</p><p></p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Community-based cross-sectional study including men aged 18 - 50 years, involved in recreational strength training and allocated to one of three groups: current (n = 46) or former AAS users (n = 42) or controls (n = 44). The mean age (SD) of all participants was 32 (7) years and the elapsed duration since AAS cessation, geometric mean (95% CI), was 32 (23; 45) months in former AAS users.</em></strong> All procedures were performed during one visit in the morning hours following overnight fasting. We drew blood through a cannula placed in an antecubital vein following 30 minutes of supine rest. Medical records, testicular size, questionaries, and detailed history of strength training and AAS use were obtained in a structured interview. Serum INSL3 and testosterone were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. </p><p></p><p><strong>Results: <em>Serum INSL3 was markedly suppressed among current AAS users compared with former AAS users and controls, P < 0.001. </em></strong>Additionally<strong>, </strong>former AAS users also displayed lower serum INSL3 concentrations than controls, mean (SD), 0.43 (0.31) versus 0.60 (0.22) µg/L, P = 0.006 and the difference remained significant in multivariate linear regression, (B) (95%CI), -0.17 (-0.28;-0.55) µg/L, P=0.004, adjusted for plasma LH, plasma sexual hormone-binding globulin, age, body fat %, smoking and use of other illicit drugs. <em><strong>Longer accumulated duration of AAS use (log2) was associated with reduced serum INSL3 levels in former AAS users, (B) (95%CI), -0.08 (-0.14;-0.01), P=0.022, suggesting a dose-response relation between AAS use and suppression of serum INSL3.</strong></em> We evaluated the association between INSL3 and total testosterone levels and they were not associated among former users and controls in multivariate linear regression, P=0.821. We noted recovery of serum inhibin B levels among former AAS users reaching the mean plasma level of controls after elapsed duration since AAS cessation of ≈ 21 months; (B) (95%CI), 2.2 (0.7; 3.7) months, P = 0.006.<strong><em> In contrast, we did not note any recovery of serum INSL3, P = 0.541, or total testosterone, P = 0.861, among former AAS users. </em></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Serum INSL3 is decreased years following AAS cessation in former AAS users, independently of plasma testosterone, suggesting persistent impaired Leydig cell function, which should be investigated further.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 197805, member: 13851"] [B]Abstract Background[/B] Illicit use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has emerged as a public health concern among men, but the long-term effect on gonadal function is still unresolved. [B][I]Serum insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has emerged as a novel and potentially superior marker of Leydig cell function than serum testosterone per se. INSL3 synthesis and secretion exhibit far less daily variation than testosterone.[/I][/B] Further, serum INSL3 levels are not related to body composition. The objective of this study was to investigate INSL3 as a marker of Leydig cell function in former AAS users. [B]Methods [I]Community-based cross-sectional study including men aged 18 - 50 years, involved in recreational strength training and allocated to one of three groups: current (n = 46) or former AAS users (n = 42) or controls (n = 44). The mean age (SD) of all participants was 32 (7) years and the elapsed duration since AAS cessation, geometric mean (95% CI), was 32 (23; 45) months in former AAS users.[/I][/B] All procedures were performed during one visit in the morning hours following overnight fasting. We drew blood through a cannula placed in an antecubital vein following 30 minutes of supine rest. Medical records, testicular size, questionaries, and detailed history of strength training and AAS use were obtained in a structured interview. Serum INSL3 and testosterone were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. [B]Results: [I]Serum INSL3 was markedly suppressed among current AAS users compared with former AAS users and controls, P < 0.001. [/I][/B]Additionally[B], [/B]former AAS users also displayed lower serum INSL3 concentrations than controls, mean (SD), 0.43 (0.31) versus 0.60 (0.22) µg/L, P = 0.006 and the difference remained significant in multivariate linear regression, (B) (95%CI), -0.17 (-0.28;-0.55) µg/L, P=0.004, adjusted for plasma LH, plasma sexual hormone-binding globulin, age, body fat %, smoking and use of other illicit drugs. [I][B]Longer accumulated duration of AAS use (log2) was associated with reduced serum INSL3 levels in former AAS users, (B) (95%CI), -0.08 (-0.14;-0.01), P=0.022, suggesting a dose-response relation between AAS use and suppression of serum INSL3.[/B][/I] We evaluated the association between INSL3 and total testosterone levels and they were not associated among former users and controls in multivariate linear regression, P=0.821. We noted recovery of serum inhibin B levels among former AAS users reaching the mean plasma level of controls after elapsed duration since AAS cessation of ≈ 21 months; (B) (95%CI), 2.2 (0.7; 3.7) months, P = 0.006.[B][I] In contrast, we did not note any recovery of serum INSL3, P = 0.541, or total testosterone, P = 0.861, among former AAS users. [/I] Conclusions: [/B]Serum INSL3 is decreased years following AAS cessation in former AAS users, independently of plasma testosterone, suggesting persistent impaired Leydig cell function, which should be investigated further. [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
INSL3 Levels Are Reduced in Former Users of AAS Suggesting Persistent Impaired Leydig Cell Function
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