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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Clomid for PCT, fertility or low T
Human sperm tail- spinners
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 191643" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em>Sperms have attracted the attention of many researchers since it was discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. </em></span><em><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)">Though a small cell, it's every part has a complex structure and a different function to play in carrying life further.</span> <strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><u>The sperm tail is the most complicated structure with more than 1000 proteins involved in its functioning</u>.</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><strong>With the advent of advanced three-dimensional microscopes, many studies are still undergoing to understand the exact mechanism of sperm tail movement. <u>Most recent studies have shown that sperms move by spinning rather than swimming</u></strong></span>. </em><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em><u>Furthermore, each small subunit of the tail including axonemal and peri-axonemal structures plays essential roles in sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivation, fertilization</u>. </em></span></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> Relevant literature (from 1982 till 2020) on sperm tail anatomy, movement, and functions were searched from various English language full length and review articles using PUBMED, SCOPUS, or Google database. </p><p></p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">T<em>here is still a lot needed to be discovered about human sperm tail movement and its role in male fertility. </em></span><em><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)">Sperm tail has complex anatomy with surrounding axoneme having 9+2 microtubules (9 outer doublets and one central doublet) arrangement along its entire length and additional peri-axonemal structures that all contribute to sperm motility and fertilization. </span></em><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em>In the future, various sperm tail proteins and their subunits can be used as markers of male fertility.</em> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Introduction </strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em>Human sperms were first discovered in the year 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and were called animalcules or little animals [1].</em></span><em> <span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)">To date, sperm is one of those cells which have attracted the attention of several researchers and many studies are still going on to know its structure, movement, and functions.</span> <span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">It plays a crucial role in carrying life further by supplying the male partner’s genetic material and proteins to the female oocyte at the time of fertilization [2]. </span></em><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><em><u>A mature human spermatozoon consists of two main parts: a head with a nucleus and acrosome, and a tail for movement</u>. </em></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><strong>Anatomy of Sperm Tail</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>How does a sperm move? </strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Functions of different structural components of Mammalian sperm tail</strong></p><p></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>1. Axoneme</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">a. Microtubules:</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">b. Radial Spokes:</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">c. Dynein arms:</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><strong>2. Peri-axonemal structures </strong></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">a. Outer Dense Fibers (ODFs):</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">b. Fibrous Sheath (FS):</span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">c. Mitochondrial sheath (MS): </span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"></span></p><p></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> </p><p></p><p><em><strong><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)">Hence, the sperm tail is a unique part of sperm with very complex anatomy. </span></strong></em><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><em><strong>The movement of the sperm tails has attracted many researchers over more than 200 years and to date studies are going on to know the exact physiology of its movement.</strong></em></span> <span style="color: rgb(147, 101, 184)"><em><strong><u>Most recent studies have revealed that sperm don’t swim, instead, they show a spinning movement. Furthermore, each part of the tail has a complex structure and contributes to male fertility</u>. </strong></em></span><span style="color: rgb(184, 49, 47)"><em><strong>Mutation in genes encoding for various proteins associated with sperm tail can affect sperm motility, its capacitation, hyperactivation, and fertilizing capabilities, all leading to male infertility. </strong></em></span><span style="color: rgb(44, 130, 201)"><strong><em><u>Hence, in the future, a detailed study of each and every component of the sperm tail including axoneme and periaxonemal structures can be used in understanding and managing various sperm pathologies</u>. <u>Some of them can even be used as biomarkers of sperm health</u>. </em></strong></span></p><p></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 191643, member: 13851"] [B]Abstract [/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I]Sperms have attracted the attention of many researchers since it was discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677. [/I][/COLOR][I][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)]Though a small cell, it's every part has a complex structure and a different function to play in carrying life further.[/COLOR] [B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][U]The sperm tail is the most complicated structure with more than 1000 proteins involved in its functioning[/U].[/COLOR][/B] [COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][B]With the advent of advanced three-dimensional microscopes, many studies are still undergoing to understand the exact mechanism of sperm tail movement. [U]Most recent studies have shown that sperms move by spinning rather than swimming[/U][/B][/COLOR]. [/I][B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I][U]Furthermore, each small subunit of the tail including axonemal and peri-axonemal structures plays essential roles in sperm motility, capacitation, hyperactivation, fertilization[/U]. [/I][/COLOR] Methodology:[/B] Relevant literature (from 1982 till 2020) on sperm tail anatomy, movement, and functions were searched from various English language full length and review articles using PUBMED, SCOPUS, or Google database. [B]Conclusion:[/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]T[I]here is still a lot needed to be discovered about human sperm tail movement and its role in male fertility. [/I][/COLOR][I][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)]Sperm tail has complex anatomy with surrounding axoneme having 9+2 microtubules (9 outer doublets and one central doublet) arrangement along its entire length and additional peri-axonemal structures that all contribute to sperm motility and fertilization. [/COLOR][/I][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I]In the future, various sperm tail proteins and their subunits can be used as markers of male fertility.[/I] [/COLOR] [B]Introduction [/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I]Human sperms were first discovered in the year 1677 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and were called animalcules or little animals [1].[/I][/COLOR][I] [COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)]To date, sperm is one of those cells which have attracted the attention of several researchers and many studies are still going on to know its structure, movement, and functions.[/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]It plays a crucial role in carrying life further by supplying the male partner’s genetic material and proteins to the female oocyte at the time of fertilization [2]. [/COLOR][/I][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][I][U]A mature human spermatozoon consists of two main parts: a head with a nucleus and acrosome, and a tail for movement[/U]. [/I][/COLOR] [B]Anatomy of Sperm Tail How does a sperm move? Functions of different structural components of Mammalian sperm tail[/B] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][B]1. Axoneme[/B] a. Microtubules: b. Radial Spokes: c. Dynein arms: [B]2. Peri-axonemal structures [/B] a. Outer Dense Fibers (ODFs): b. Fibrous Sheath (FS): c. Mitochondrial sheath (MS): [/COLOR] [B]Conclusion[/B] [I][B][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)]Hence, the sperm tail is a unique part of sperm with very complex anatomy. [/COLOR][/B][/I][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][I][B]The movement of the sperm tails has attracted many researchers over more than 200 years and to date studies are going on to know the exact physiology of its movement.[/B][/I][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(147, 101, 184)][I][B][U]Most recent studies have revealed that sperm don’t swim, instead, they show a spinning movement. Furthermore, each part of the tail has a complex structure and contributes to male fertility[/U]. [/B][/I][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][I][B]Mutation in genes encoding for various proteins associated with sperm tail can affect sperm motility, its capacitation, hyperactivation, and fertilizing capabilities, all leading to male infertility.[U] [/U][/B][/I][/COLOR][COLOR=rgb(44, 130, 201)][B][I][U]Hence, in the future, a detailed study of each and every component of the sperm tail including axoneme and periaxonemal structures can be used in understanding and managing various sperm pathologies[/U]. [U]Some of them can even be used as biomarkers of sperm health[/U]. [/I][/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=rgb(184, 49, 47)][/COLOR] [/QUOTE]
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Human sperm tail- spinners
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