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Highlights


 Sex influences gut microbiota during the human lifespan from the very beginning. 


 Sex hormones are a potent driver of differences in the microbiome. 


 Not only dynamic changes but also sustained hormonal differences are important. 


 Diets, antibiotics, and the environment impact gut microbiota in a sex-dependent manner. 


 Mechanisms underlying sex-dependent differences are mostly enigmatic.


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