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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
High Testosterone Levels: Impact on the Heart
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 277253" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Fig. 1 Mechanisms whereby testosterone impacts vascular function.</strong> Vascular function is mainly determined by factors released by nerve terminals (norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system), endothelial cells, the perivascular adipose tissue, resident and infiltrated innate and adaptive immune cells (cytokines and chemokines), blood cells (histamine from mast cells; TXA2 and serotonin from platelets), and by the intrinsic components of the vascular smooth muscle cells (ion channels, receptors, and structural and exchanger proteins). <strong>Testosterone affects the vasculature by interfering with all mechanisms that control vascular function</strong>. In the endothelium, testosterone modulates NO, COX-derived metabolites and EDHF release and signaling; in VSMCs, testosterone modulates ROS generation, expression, and activity of receptors and ion channels. AR: androgen receptor; ARE: androgen response element; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NO: nitric oxide; eNOS: endothelial NO synthase; COX: cyclooxygenase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NOX: NADPH oxidase; AT1 receptor: angiotensin II type-1 receptor; AT2 receptor:angiotensin II type-2 receptor; TP receptor: thromboxane-prostanoid receptors; TXA2: thromboxane A2; NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome; EDHF:endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; K+: potassium ion; Ca2+: calcium ion; Th1: T helper(Th) immune cells type 1; Th2: T helper (Th) immune cells type 2; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; PVAT: perivascular adipose tissue. “Created with BioRender.com”</p><p>[ATTACH=full]42252[/ATTACH]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 277253, member: 13851"] [B]Fig. 1 Mechanisms whereby testosterone impacts vascular function.[/B] Vascular function is mainly determined by factors released by nerve terminals (norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system), endothelial cells, the perivascular adipose tissue, resident and infiltrated innate and adaptive immune cells (cytokines and chemokines), blood cells (histamine from mast cells; TXA2 and serotonin from platelets), and by the intrinsic components of the vascular smooth muscle cells (ion channels, receptors, and structural and exchanger proteins). [B]Testosterone affects the vasculature by interfering with all mechanisms that control vascular function[/B]. In the endothelium, testosterone modulates NO, COX-derived metabolites and EDHF release and signaling; in VSMCs, testosterone modulates ROS generation, expression, and activity of receptors and ion channels. AR: androgen receptor; ARE: androgen response element; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NO: nitric oxide; eNOS: endothelial NO synthase; COX: cyclooxygenase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NOX: NADPH oxidase; AT1 receptor: angiotensin II type-1 receptor; AT2 receptor:angiotensin II type-2 receptor; TP receptor: thromboxane-prostanoid receptors; TXA2: thromboxane A2; NLRP3: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome; EDHF:endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; K+: potassium ion; Ca2+: calcium ion; Th1: T helper(Th) immune cells type 1; Th2: T helper (Th) immune cells type 2; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; PVAT: perivascular adipose tissue. “Created with BioRender.com” [ATTACH type="full" alt="1710040484947.png"]42252[/ATTACH] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
High Testosterone Levels: Impact on the Heart
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