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HCG and elevated LH in Alzheimer patients
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<blockquote data-quote="Cataceous" data-source="post: 244422" data-attributes="member: 38109"><p>Nice reference. It would be interesting to look into what they've done since then. The possible inverse correlation between peripheral and brain LH is discussed in this paragraph below. They don't know the mechanism, but it's plausible that some form of negative feedback exists:</p><p></p><p style="margin-left: 20px"><em>Along with the direct and peripheral effects of hCG, we have recently discovered that <strong>LH is produced in the brain</strong> (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>). It is expressed in cognition modulating areas such as the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and midbrain structures such as the thalamus and superior colliculi (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>), and it co-localizes with neuronal markers such as NeuN in pyramidal neurons (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/" target="_blank">Figure 1B</a>). Electron microscopy shows that LH appears to be encapsulated in vesicles (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/" target="_blank">Figure 1C</a>). Importantly, we have shown that LH mRNA levels are reduced in hippocampi of AD patients compared to controls, and in ovariectomized 3xTg AD mice LH immunoreactivity in the superior colliculus is decreased (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75" target="_blank">Palm et al., 2014</a>). Downregulation of peripheral LH using leuprolide acetate normalizes brain LH to levels observed in SHAM operated mice (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75" target="_blank">Palm et al., 2014</a>). Therefore, <strong>there seems to be an inverse relationship of LH expression between the brain and bloodstream</strong>. How the underlying mechanisms are associated with this inverse relationship are unknown, but we identified that LH levels in the superior colliculus were positively correlated with cognitive function (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75" target="_blank">Palm et al., 2014</a>). This suggests that levels of brain LH may, at least partially, regulate cognitive function (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F2/" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>). Importantly, this could explain why ovariectomy, especially in the absence of estrogen effectiveness, or states that involve high peripheral LH, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome lead to cognitive deficits (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R8" target="_blank">Barnard et al., 2007</a>).</em></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Cataceous, post: 244422, member: 38109"] Nice reference. It would be interesting to look into what they've done since then. The possible inverse correlation between peripheral and brain LH is discussed in this paragraph below. They don't know the mechanism, but it's plausible that some form of negative feedback exists: [INDENT][I]Along with the direct and peripheral effects of hCG, we have recently discovered that [B]LH is produced in the brain[/B] ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/']Figure 1[/URL]). It is expressed in cognition modulating areas such as the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and midbrain structures such as the thalamus and superior colliculi ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/']Figure 1A[/URL]), and it co-localizes with neuronal markers such as NeuN in pyramidal neurons ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/']Figure 1B[/URL]). Electron microscopy shows that LH appears to be encapsulated in vesicles ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F1/']Figure 1C[/URL]). Importantly, we have shown that LH mRNA levels are reduced in hippocampi of AD patients compared to controls, and in ovariectomized 3xTg AD mice LH immunoreactivity in the superior colliculus is decreased ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75']Palm et al., 2014[/URL]). Downregulation of peripheral LH using leuprolide acetate normalizes brain LH to levels observed in SHAM operated mice ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75']Palm et al., 2014[/URL]). Therefore, [B]there seems to be an inverse relationship of LH expression between the brain and bloodstream[/B]. How the underlying mechanisms are associated with this inverse relationship are unknown, but we identified that LH levels in the superior colliculus were positively correlated with cognitive function ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R75']Palm et al., 2014[/URL]). This suggests that levels of brain LH may, at least partially, regulate cognitive function ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/figure/F2/']Figure 2[/URL]). Importantly, this could explain why ovariectomy, especially in the absence of estrogen effectiveness, or states that involve high peripheral LH, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome lead to cognitive deficits ([URL='https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741372/#R8']Barnard et al., 2007[/URL]).[/I][/INDENT] [/QUOTE]
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HCG and elevated LH in Alzheimer patients
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