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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
FSH receptor agonists for male infertility therapy
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 266907" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 1. <u>FSH, IGF1, IGF2, and insulin share common molecular pathways and target genes</u>. IGF1, IGF2, and insulin bind to IGF1 receptors in the cell membrane of Sertoli cells. This activates the Raf/MEK pathway leading to ERK phosphorylation and transcription on gene target, thereby enhancing proliferation, differentiation, and downregulation of apoptosis. This also occurs when phosphorylation of IRS1 takes place: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate direct the signaling cascades of mTOR. By binding to its receptor, FSH also activates the ERK pathway. FSH acts through the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily by activating the kinase/MAPK and the PI3K/AKT pathways.</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Abbreviations:</strong> AC, adenylate cyclase; akt, Serine/threonine protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Ca2+: calcium, ionized; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ERK, extracellularsignal-regulated kinases; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; FSHR, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; GDP, Guanosine diphosphate; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; GTP,Guanosine triphosphate; Gαi – Gαs – Gβγ, G-protein subunits; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1r: insulin-like growth factor receptor; IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2; IRS1, insulinreceptor substrate 1; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; Raf, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, rat sarcoma</p><p></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]37984[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 266907, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 1. [U]FSH, IGF1, IGF2, and insulin share common molecular pathways and target genes[/U]. IGF1, IGF2, and insulin bind to IGF1 receptors in the cell membrane of Sertoli cells. This activates the Raf/MEK pathway leading to ERK phosphorylation and transcription on gene target, thereby enhancing proliferation, differentiation, and downregulation of apoptosis. This also occurs when phosphorylation of IRS1 takes place: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate direct the signaling cascades of mTOR. By binding to its receptor, FSH also activates the ERK pathway. FSH acts through the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily by activating the kinase/MAPK and the PI3K/AKT pathways. Abbreviations:[/B] AC, adenylate cyclase; akt, Serine/threonine protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Ca2+: calcium, ionized; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ERK, extracellularsignal-regulated kinases; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; FSHR, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor; GDP, Guanosine diphosphate; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; GTP,Guanosine triphosphate; Gαi – Gαs – Gβγ, G-protein subunits; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IGF1r: insulin-like growth factor receptor; IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2; IRS1, insulinreceptor substrate 1; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate; Raf, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, rat sarcoma [B][ATTACH type="full" alt="Screenshot (29542).png"]37984[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
FSH receptor agonists for male infertility therapy
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