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Nutrition and Supplements
Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 148755" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p>[ATTACH=full]7454[/ATTACH]</p><p><strong>Fig.1</strong> Creatine produced in the liver travels in the bloodstream, where it actively enters the cells using the specific creatine transporter, SLC6A8. These transporters are in low levels in the micro capillaries of the BBB and are not expressed by the majority of perivascular astrocytes. Therefore, although the passage of creatine from the bloodstream to the CNS does occur, the CNS cells have their own pathway for the synthesis and maintenance of creatine levels. Once inside the cells, approximately two-thirds of the available creatine undergo a reversible phosphorylation catalyzed by CK, giving rise to PCr, a temporal and spatial energy buffer that can restore cellular ATP without a reliance on oxygen, preventing overload of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and generation of reactive species. In addition, studies raise a range of possible secondary creatine functions and effects that are presented in the figure inside blue boxes: Creatine appears to increase cell hydration and membrane stabilization,and may have direct antioxidant activity, and a possible suppressor effect on inflammation (except in the airways, where it appears to exacerbate the response). Regarding the CNS, in addition to all previous effects, creatine may play a part as a neuromodulator. However, molecular mechanisms for all of these secondary functions remain a matter of debate, and they may be related to creatine’s bioenergetic role in mitochondria.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 148755, member: 13851"] [ATTACH=full]7454[/ATTACH] [B]Fig.1[/B] Creatine produced in the liver travels in the bloodstream, where it actively enters the cells using the specific creatine transporter, SLC6A8. These transporters are in low levels in the micro capillaries of the BBB and are not expressed by the majority of perivascular astrocytes. Therefore, although the passage of creatine from the bloodstream to the CNS does occur, the CNS cells have their own pathway for the synthesis and maintenance of creatine levels. Once inside the cells, approximately two-thirds of the available creatine undergo a reversible phosphorylation catalyzed by CK, giving rise to PCr, a temporal and spatial energy buffer that can restore cellular ATP without a reliance on oxygen, preventing overload of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and generation of reactive species. In addition, studies raise a range of possible secondary creatine functions and effects that are presented in the figure inside blue boxes: Creatine appears to increase cell hydration and membrane stabilization,and may have direct antioxidant activity, and a possible suppressor effect on inflammation (except in the airways, where it appears to exacerbate the response). Regarding the CNS, in addition to all previous effects, creatine may play a part as a neuromodulator. However, molecular mechanisms for all of these secondary functions remain a matter of debate, and they may be related to creatine’s bioenergetic role in mitochondria. [/QUOTE]
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Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts
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