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Nutrition and Supplements
Can Oral Glutathione Supplements Work?
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<blockquote data-quote="Nelson Vergel" data-source="post: 89659" data-attributes="member: 3"><p>European Journal of Nutrition</p><p>March 2015, Volume 54, Issue 2, pp 251-263 | Cite as</p><p>Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione</p><p></p><p></p><p>Abstract</p><p></p><p>Purpose</p><p></p><p>Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults.</p><p></p><p>Methods</p><p></p><p>A 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on GSH levels in blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was conducted in 54 non-smoking adults. Secondary outcomes on a subset of subjects included a battery of immune markers.</p><p></p><p>Results</p><p></p><p>GSH levels in blood increased after 1, 3 and 6 months versus baseline at both doses. At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30&#8211;35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased 17 and 29 % in blood and erythrocytes, respectively, in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent, and levels returned to baseline after a 1-month washout period. A reduction in oxidative stress in both GSH dose groups was indicated by decreases in the oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in whole blood after 6 months. Natural killer cytotoxicity increased >twofold in the high-dose group versus placebo (P < 0.05) at 3 months.</p><p></p><p>Conclusions</p><p></p><p>These findings show, for the first time, that daily consumption of GSH supplements was effective at increasing body compartment stores of GSH.</p><p></p><p></p><p>From paper:</p><p></p><p>There is less data on the bioavailability of oral GSH in humans. While GSH was found to be absorbed and transported in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro [30] and in buccal mucosal cells in vivo [23], results from a clinical study of oral GSH, administered as a single dose (150 &#956;mol/kg) to 7 healthy adults, showed no significant effect on plasma GSH levels during a 4.5 h period [31]. However, the rapid turnover of GSH in human plasma would likely make it difficult to detect an increase in plasma after a single oral dose. Thus, our current objectives were to determine the long-term effects of daily oral GSH supplementation on GSH levels in different body stores. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH at two doses, 250 and 1,000 mg/day, administered for 6 months in healthy adults on the levels of GSH in different blood compartments and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells. GSH oxidation products, GSH disulfide (GSSG) and GSH protein mixed disulfides (GSSP), are commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress [32]; thus, we also examined the effects of oral GSH on GSSG/GSH and GSSP/GSH ratios in blood. Since intracellular GSH plays a key role in the maintenance and regulation of certain immunological functions [33, 34] including the activation of lymphocytes and functional activity of NK cells [35, 36, 37], secondary endpoint analysis included the assessment of hematologic measurements of immune function including neutrophil phagocytosis, neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in a subset of subjects."</p><p></p><p></p><p>Product used: <a href="https://setriaglutathione.com/glutathione-studies" target="_blank">Setria: Ready. Set. Glutathione.</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Nelson Vergel, post: 89659, member: 3"] European Journal of Nutrition March 2015, Volume 54, Issue 2, pp 251-263 | Cite as Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione Abstract Purpose Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults. Methods A 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on GSH levels in blood, erythrocytes, plasma, lymphocytes and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells was conducted in 54 non-smoking adults. Secondary outcomes on a subset of subjects included a battery of immune markers. Results GSH levels in blood increased after 1, 3 and 6 months versus baseline at both doses. At 6 months, mean GSH levels increased 30–35 % in erythrocytes, plasma and lymphocytes and 260 % in buccal cells in the high-dose group (P < 0.05). GSH levels increased 17 and 29 % in blood and erythrocytes, respectively, in the low-dose group (P < 0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent, and levels returned to baseline after a 1-month washout period. A reduction in oxidative stress in both GSH dose groups was indicated by decreases in the oxidized to reduced glutathione ratio in whole blood after 6 months. Natural killer cytotoxicity increased >twofold in the high-dose group versus placebo (P < 0.05) at 3 months. Conclusions These findings show, for the first time, that daily consumption of GSH supplements was effective at increasing body compartment stores of GSH. From paper: There is less data on the bioavailability of oral GSH in humans. While GSH was found to be absorbed and transported in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro [30] and in buccal mucosal cells in vivo [23], results from a clinical study of oral GSH, administered as a single dose (150 μmol/kg) to 7 healthy adults, showed no significant effect on plasma GSH levels during a 4.5 h period [31]. However, the rapid turnover of GSH in human plasma would likely make it difficult to detect an increase in plasma after a single oral dose. Thus, our current objectives were to determine the long-term effects of daily oral GSH supplementation on GSH levels in different body stores. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH at two doses, 250 and 1,000 mg/day, administered for 6 months in healthy adults on the levels of GSH in different blood compartments and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells. GSH oxidation products, GSH disulfide (GSSG) and GSH protein mixed disulfides (GSSP), are commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress [32]; thus, we also examined the effects of oral GSH on GSSG/GSH and GSSP/GSH ratios in blood. Since intracellular GSH plays a key role in the maintenance and regulation of certain immunological functions [33, 34] including the activation of lymphocytes and functional activity of NK cells [35, 36, 37], secondary endpoint analysis included the assessment of hematologic measurements of immune function including neutrophil phagocytosis, neutrophil respiratory burst, lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in a subset of subjects." Product used: [URL="https://setriaglutathione.com/glutathione-studies"]Setria: Ready. Set. Glutathione.[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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Can Oral Glutathione Supplements Work?
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