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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
When Testosterone Is Not Enough
Beyond ED: cGMP-Specific PDE5i for Other Clinical Disorders
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 242782" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Figure 3 <u>Cardioprotective pathways of NO-cGMP-PKG signaling in ischemic injury and cardiac hypertrophy</u>. NO and cGMP generation by inhibition of PDE5 or activation of sGC triggers PKG signaling, which protects the heart by phosphorylating Akt, ERK1/2, and pGSK3β and inducing Bcl-2 as well as the opening of mito-KATP channels. PKG activation also reduces ROS generation via AMPK– Sirt1–PGC-1α signaling, which protects the heart against cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. The antihypertrophic effect is also associated with the activation of PKG, and its targets include regulators of G protein–coupled signaling-2 as well as calcineurinNFAT and TRP6. PKG activation also provides posttranslational enhancement of protein quality control through the facilitation of protein degradation via the proteasome and autophagy-lysosome-dependent pathways in the ischemic heart. Abbreviations: AMPK, AMPactivated protein kinase; Ang-I, angiopoietin-1; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CHIP, C-terminal Hsp70-interacting protein; CNP, C-type natriuretic peptide; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GTP-guanosine triphosphate; HSc70, Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; mito-KATP, ATP-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channel; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; NO, nitric oxide; PDE5, phosphodiesterase 5; pGSK3β, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β; pGC, particulate guanylate cyclase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator; pGSK3β, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β; PKG, protein kinase G; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; Sirt1, sirtuin 1; TRP6, transient receptor potential channel 6; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]28306[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 242782, member: 13851"] [B]Figure 3 [U]Cardioprotective pathways of NO-cGMP-PKG signaling in ischemic injury and cardiac hypertrophy[/U]. NO and cGMP generation by inhibition of PDE5 or activation of sGC triggers PKG signaling, which protects the heart by phosphorylating Akt, ERK1/2, and pGSK3β and inducing Bcl-2 as well as the opening of mito-KATP channels. PKG activation also reduces ROS generation via AMPK– Sirt1–PGC-1α signaling, which protects the heart against cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. The antihypertrophic effect is also associated with the activation of PKG, and its targets include regulators of G protein–coupled signaling-2 as well as calcineurinNFAT and TRP6. PKG activation also provides posttranslational enhancement of protein quality control through the facilitation of protein degradation via the proteasome and autophagy-lysosome-dependent pathways in the ischemic heart. Abbreviations: AMPK, AMPactivated protein kinase; Ang-I, angiopoietin-1; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CHIP, C-terminal Hsp70-interacting protein; CNP, C-type natriuretic peptide; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GTP-guanosine triphosphate; HSc70, Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein; mito-KATP, ATP-sensitive mitochondrial potassium channel; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; NO, nitric oxide; PDE5, phosphodiesterase 5; pGSK3β, phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β; pGC, particulate guanylate cyclase; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator; pGSK3β, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β; PKG, protein kinase G; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGC, soluble guanylate cyclase; Sirt1, sirtuin 1; TRP6, transient receptor potential channel 6; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. [ATTACH type="full"]28306[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
When Testosterone Is Not Enough
Beyond ED: cGMP-Specific PDE5i for Other Clinical Disorders
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