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Figure 1. Structural changes that occur in intrinsic and extrinsic skin ageing. Intrinsically aged skin is characterised by epidermal and dermal thinning, fine lines, fewer cells, and reduced blood flow. By contrast, photoaged skin is thicker with deeper wrinkles and hyperpigmentation but still shows reduced dermal thickness compared to young skin. Dilation of blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration and build-up of elastic material (elastosis) are also features of photoaging. Both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing causes a reduction in Langerhans cells (LCs), loss of rete ridges at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), accumulation of senescent cells reduced skin hydration (fewer glycosaminoglycans, GAGs) and AGE-related cross-linking of matrix fibres. Moreover, enhanced production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to degradation of collagen, elastin and elaunin. AGE = advanced glycation end-products.

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