FIGURE 2 Adapted using information data from Heller et al. (Heller & Heller, 1970). Diagrammatic representation of the effect of clomiphene on spermatogenesis. A normal arrow indicates a normal process with a consistent flow of cells. The middle arrow indicates a positive response; there is an increase in the A (pale) spermatogonia and subsequent cell types resulting in increased sperm output. The right arrow indicates a negative response due to high dose or increased sensitivity of the subject; A (pale) spermatogonia and subsequent cell types are increased in number, but abnormal forms are increased. Abnormal forms are maximum in mature spermatids and spermatozoa. These abnormal cells are reabsorbed by Sertoli cells or the epididymis, and consequently, sperm output is decreased. (Large circles indicate normal germ cells; smaller circles indicate abnormal germ cells).
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