testosterone/aas; cvd; ar; endothelial; no

* Chronic exposure to supraphysiologic doses of AAS induces a variety of pathophysiological changes in the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms are multifactorial, involving direct androgen receptor-mediated effects on cardiac and vascular tissues as well as indirect metabolic and hemodynamic...

Abstract Testosterone, the main endogenous active androgen, is used to treat many clinical conditions, such as hypogonadism, infertility, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, anemia, and in transgender therapy (female-to-male transsexuals). Androgens are also used by athletes to enhance...