List of Peptides and Their Evidence

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Comprehensive Guide to Therapeutic Peptides | ExcelMale.com

Comprehensive Guide to Therapeutic Peptides

Uses, Dosages, and Evidence Classification

January 2026 | ExcelMale.com

⚠️ IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNING

Many of these peptides are experimental, not FDA-approved for human use, or require medical supervision. The Evidence column indicates the level of human clinical data available. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before considering any peptide therapy.

Table of Contents

Evidence Classification Legend

Symbol Evidence Level What It Means
✅ FDA FDA Approved Rigorous Phase 1-3 clinical trials; FDA approved for specific indication
✅ Strong Strong Human Data Multiple well-designed human studies with consistent results
Foreign Foreign Approval Approved in other countries (Russia, Europe, etc.); human clinical data exists
⚠️ Limited Limited Human Data Small human studies, pilot trials, or case reports exist
Phase 1-2 Phase Trials Phase 1-2 trials completed or ongoing; human safety/PK data available
❌ Animal Animal Data Only Evidence limited to animal studies; no rigorous human trials
❌ Experimental Highly Experimental Minimal data of any kind; significant unknowns

Fat Loss & Metabolic

Peptides targeting fat metabolism, energy expenditure, and body composition.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Adipotide (FTPP) Targets blood vessels in fat tissue to promote fat loss No established dosing SC ❌ Experimental No human trials; significant safety concerns
AICAR Activates AMPK to enhance endurance and fat burning 150-500mg (research) SC/IV ❌ Animal Primarily animal studies
AOD9604 GH fragment for fat loss without muscle-building effects 250-500mcg daily SC Phase 1-2 Failed to show efficacy in human obesity trials
hGH Fragment 176-191 GH fragment for fat loss without other GH effects 250-500mcg daily SC ❌ Animal Limited human data
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) Oral GH secretagogue; stimulates GH and IGF-1 10-25mg daily Oral ⚠️ Limited Multiple human studies; not FDA approved
MOTS-c Mitochondrial peptide for metabolism and insulin sensitivity 200-1,000mcg daily SC ❌ Animal No completed human clinical trials

Weight Management (GLP-1/GIP Agonists)

GLP-1 receptor agonists and related compounds for weight loss and diabetes. Many FDA-approved.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Semaglutide Diabetes management and significant weight loss 0.25-2.4mg weekly SC ✅ FDA FDA approved 2017 (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus)
Tirzepatide Dual GLP-1/GIP agonist for diabetes and weight loss 2.5-15mg weekly SC ✅ FDA FDA approved 2022-2023 (Mounjaro, Zepbound)
Liraglutide GLP-1 agonist for diabetes and weight loss 0.6-3mg daily SC ✅ FDA FDA approved (Victoza, Saxenda)
Retatrutide Triple agonist (GLP-1, GIP, glucagon) for weight loss 2-12mg weekly SC Phase 1-2 Phase 2 showed ~24% weight loss; Phase 3 ongoing
Cagrilintide Amylin analog for satiety and weight loss 0.3-4.5mg weekly SC Phase 1-2 Phase 3 REDEFINE trials ongoing
Cagrisema Combination (cagrilintide + semaglutide) Clinical trials SC Phase 1-2 Phase 3 trials show ~20% weight loss
Survodutide Dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist Clinical development SC Phase 1-2 Phase 2-3 trials ongoing

Growth Hormone Secretagogues

Peptides that stimulate natural GH release from the pituitary gland.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Ipamorelin Selective GH secretagogue; no effect on cortisol/ACTH 100-300mcg 2-3x daily SC Phase 1-2 Phase 2 for post-op ileus; serious AEs in IV studies
Sermorelin GHRH analog for natural GH production 200-500mcg daily (bedtime) SC ✅ FDA Was FDA approved (Geref); discontinued but data exists
Tesamorelin GHRH analog; reduces visceral fat 2mg daily SC ✅ FDA FDA approved (Egrifta) for HIV lipodystrophy
CJC-1295 DAC Long-acting GHRH for sustained GH production 1-2mg weekly SC Phase 1-2 Phase 1-2 human PK studies exist
CJC-1295 No DAC (ModGRF 1-29) Shorter-acting GHRH; often combined with Ipamorelin 100-300mcg 2-3x daily SC ⚠️ Limited Human pharmacokinetic data available
GHRP-2 GH releasing peptide for muscle growth and recovery 100-300mcg 2-3x daily SC ⚠️ Limited Human studies exist; not FDA approved
GHRP-6 GH releasing peptide; also stimulates appetite 100-300mcg 2-3x daily SC ⚠️ Limited Human studies exist; not FDA approved
Hexarelin Potent GH releasing peptide with cardioprotective effects 100mcg 2-3x daily SC ⚠️ Limited Some human cardiac studies

Tissue Repair & Healing

Peptides for healing tendons, muscles, gut, and other tissues.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
BPC-157 Healing of tendons, muscles, gut, digestive tract 200-500mcg daily SC ❌ Animal ⚠️ RED FLAG: Only 3 tiny pilot studies (n=16, n=12); Phase 1 trial CANCELLED 2015; FDA Category 2
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) Healing of muscles, tendons, soft tissues 2-10mg weekly SC ❌ Animal ⚠️ RED FLAG: ZERO human trials; parent protein Phase 2 results NEVER PUBLISHED
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) Skin healing, wound repair, collagen synthesis 1-2mg 3-5x weekly SC/Topical ⚠️ Limited Human data for TOPICAL use; injectable lacks trials
GHK Basic Tissue repair without copper 1-3mg daily SC/Topical ❌ Animal Limited data
ARA-290 Tissue protection via EPO receptor activation 2-8mg daily SC Phase 1-2 Phase 2 trials for neuropathy
KPV Anti-inflammatory tripeptide; gut health 200-500mcg daily SC/Oral ❌ Animal No human trials to date
LL-37 Antimicrobial peptide; immune support Varies Topical/SC ⚠️ Limited Some human topical studies for rosacea

Cognitive & Neuroprotection

Peptides for memory, focus, and neuroprotective effects.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Semax Cognitive enhancement, memory, neuroprotection 300-600mcg daily Intranasal/SC Foreign Approved in Russia/Ukraine for stroke; limited Western RCTs
Selank Anxiolytic; reduces anxiety while improving cognition 250-750mcg daily Intranasal/SC Foreign Approved in Russia for anxiety; clinical trials exist
N-Acetyl Semax Amidate Enhanced stability Semax for cognition 300-600mcg daily Intranasal/SC ❌ Animal Modified version; less data than parent
N-Acetyl Selank Amidate Enhanced stability Selank for anxiety 250-750mcg daily Intranasal/SC ❌ Animal Modified version; less data than parent
PE-22-28 TREK-1 inhibitor for mood and neuroprotection 50-200mcg daily SC ❌ Animal Preclinical studies only
P21 Cognitive enhancer for memory and learning Research varies SC ❌ Animal Animal studies
Dihexa Cognitive enhancer; may promote neurogenesis Research stage SC/Oral ❌ Animal FDA states "no human exposure data"
Cerebrolysin Brain peptide mixture for neurological conditions 10-30ml IV IV Foreign Approved in Europe/Asia for stroke/dementia
Cortagen Brain and nervous system support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Pinealon Brain health and cognitive function 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation

⏳Anti-Aging & Longevity

Peptides targeting fundamental aging processes.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Epithalon (Epitalon) Anti-aging via telomerase activity 5-10mg daily for 10-20 days SC ❌ Animal Rodent telomerase studies; no rigorous human trials
N-Acetyl Epithalon Amidate Modified Epithalon with enhanced stability Similar to Epithalon SC ❌ Animal Modified version; even less data
FOXO4-DRI Senolytic; eliminates senescent cells Highly experimental SC ❌ Experimental Cell/animal studies only
SS-31 (Elamipretide) Mitochondrial peptide for cellular energy 5-20mg daily SC ✅ FDA FDA approved 2025 for Barth syndrome (Forzinity)
Humanin Cell protection, anti-aging, neuroprotection Research stage SC ❌ Animal Mitochondrial-derived; preclinical
NAD+ Cellular energy and DNA repair 250-750mg IV/Sublingual ⚠️ Limited Human studies for NAD+ precursors; IV less studied

❤️Sexual Function

Peptides for libido and sexual function via CNS pathways.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) Enhances libido in men and women 750-1750mcg as needed SC ✅ FDA FDA approved 2019 (Vyleesi) for female HSDD
Melanotan 2 Tanning; may affect libido 250-1000mcg daily SC ❌ Animal ⚠️ RED FLAG: No approved trials; linked to melanoma concerns
Kisspeptin-10 Regulates reproductive hormones; may enhance libido Research varies SC ⚠️ Limited Human studies in reproductive endocrinology

⚖️Hormonal Regulation

Peptides for reproductive hormones and endocrine balance.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Gonadorelin (GnRH) Restores natural testosterone production 75-150mcg daily SC ✅ FDA FDA approved for diagnostic and therapeutic use
Triptorelin GnRH agonist for hormone therapy Varies by indication IM ✅ FDA FDA approved for prostate cancer, endometriosis
Thyrotropin-TRH Regulates thyroid function Medical supervision SC/IV ✅ FDA FDA approved for diagnostic use

Muscle Growth

Peptides for muscle hypertrophy and myostatin inhibition.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Follistatin-315 Blocks myostatin for muscle growth 100mcg daily SC ❌ Animal Preclinical studies
Follistatin-344 Inhibits myostatin for muscle development 100mcg daily SC ❌ Animal Preclinical studies
MGF (C-terminal) Muscle repair and growth post-exercise 200mcg post-workout SC (local) ❌ Animal Animal studies
PEG-MGF Pegylated MGF for sustained effects 200mcg 2-3x weekly SC ❌ Animal Animal studies

Sleep & Recovery

Peptides for sleep quality and recovery.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
DSIP Delta sleep-inducing peptide for deep sleep 25-100mcg before bed SC ❌ Animal Old Soviet-era studies; no modern RCTs
Glutathione Antioxidant for detox and cellular protection 500-2000mg daily IV/Oral/SC ✅ Strong Extensive human data as antioxidant
VIP Regulates digestion, circulation, immune response Varies Nasal/SC ⚠️ Limited Human studies for specific conditions
Oxytocin Bonding, relaxation, recovery 10-40 IU nasal Nasal ✅ FDA FDA approved (Pitocin) for labor induction

️Immune & Bioregulators

Short peptides (bioregulators) for organ system support and immune function.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
Thymosin Alpha-1 Immune support, T-cell activity 1.6-6.4mg 2-3x weekly SC Foreign Approved in 35+ countries (not US) for hepatitis
Thymagen Immune and thymus gland support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Vilon Immune support with anti-aging properties 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Cardiogen Cardiovascular and heart muscle support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Cartalax Cartilage health and joint support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Chonluten Respiratory system and lung support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Livagen Liver health support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Pancragen Pancreatic health support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Ovagen Ovarian and female reproductive support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Prostamax Prostate health support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Testagen Natural testosterone and male support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Vesigen Blood vessel and circulation support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Vesilute Bladder and urinary system support 10-20 drops Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation
Bronchogen Respiratory bronchodilator Varies Oral/SC ❌ Animal Russian bioregulator; limited Western validation

Experimental/Research

Investigational peptides with limited data.

Peptide Primary Use Dosage Route Evidence Notes
B7-33 Relaxin derivative for heart failure/fibrosis Experimental SC ❌ Experimental Early preclinical
PNC-27 Experimental anti-cancer peptide Highly experimental SC ❌ Experimental Cancer research; highly experimental

General Administration Guidelines

Reconstitution

Most peptides come as lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. Reconstitute with 2-3 mL bacteriostatic water per vial. Inject water slowly down the vial wall to minimize foaming, then gently swirl (do not shake) until dissolved.

Storage

  • Lyophilized: Store frozen at -20°C (-4°F) for long-term
  • Reconstituted: Refrigerate at 2-8°C (35.6-46.4°F); use within 4-6 weeks
  • Avoid freeze-thaw cycles

Injection Technique

  • Clean vial stopper and injection site with alcohol
  • Pinch skinfold, insert needle at 45-90° into subcutaneous tissue
  • Do not aspirate for SC injections
  • Rotate sites (abdomen, thighs, upper arms)
  • Use new sterile insulin syringe each time

How to Research Peptide Evidence

Resources for Verifying Evidence

Red Flags to Watch For

  • ⚠️ Cancelled trials with no explanation (like BPC-157's Phase 1 in 2015)
  • ⚠️ Completed trials with unpublished results (like TB-500/Thymosin Beta-4 Phase 2)
  • ⚠️ Only positive findings in literature (suggests publication bias)
  • ⚠️ "Research chemical" labeling means no human safety data

⚠️ DISCLAIMER

This document is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Evidence classifications are based on publicly available clinical trial data as of January 2026 and may change. Many peptides listed are experimental, not FDA-approved, or have limited safety data. Individual responses vary significantly. Always consult with qualified healthcare professionals before starting any peptide therapy.

Peptide dosage calculator: ExcelMale Peptide Dosage Calculator

TRT Hormone Predictor Widget

TRT Hormone Predictor

Predict estradiol, DHT, and free testosterone levels based on total testosterone

⚠️ Medical Disclaimer

This tool provides predictions based on statistical models and should NOT replace professional medical advice. Always consult with your healthcare provider before making any changes to your TRT protocol.

ℹ️ Input Parameters

Normal range: 300-1000 ng/dL

Predicted Hormone Levels

Enter your total testosterone value to see predictions

Results will appear here after calculation

Understanding Your Hormones

Estradiol (E2)

A form of estrogen produced from testosterone. Important for bone health, mood, and libido. Too high can cause side effects; too low can affect well-being.

DHT

Dihydrotestosterone is a potent androgen derived from testosterone. Affects hair growth, prostate health, and masculinization effects.

Free Testosterone

The biologically active form of testosterone not bound to proteins. Directly available for cellular uptake and biological effects.

Scientific Reference

Lakshman KM, Kaplan B, Travison TG, Basaria S, Knapp PE, Singh AB, LaValley MP, Mazer NA, Bhasin S. The effects of injected testosterone dose and age on the conversion of testosterone to estradiol and dihydrotestosterone in young and older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug;95(8):3955-64.

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0102 | PMID: 20534765 | PMCID: PMC2913038

Defy Medical TRT clinic doctor
Defy Medical TRT clinic

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