Nelson Vergel
Founder, ExcelMale.com
If you inject testosterone, the oil your medication is suspended in affects how comfortable each injection feels, how long the vial stays stable, and whether you experience local reactions. Yet most patients are never told anything about the carrier oil in their formulation. This guide covers what the science actually says about the most common carrier oils used in testosterone replacement therapy — with verifiable references, no invented statistics.
What you will learn:
• What role carrier oils play in injectable testosterone
• The confirmed fatty acid profiles and viscosities of each oil
• Which commercial testosterone products use which oils
• Allergy and tolerability considerations backed by evidence
• How to work with your prescriber or compounding pharmacy to switch oils
The carrier oil affects three things: viscosity (how easy it is to draw and inject), stability (how resistant the formulation is to oxidation and degradation), and tolerability (the likelihood of local reactions or sensitivity at the injection site).
The amount of oil injected per week is quite small — typically 0.5 to 1 mL for a 100–200 mg/mL formulation — so systemic effects from the oil itself are minimal. The practical differences between oils are primarily about injection experience, shelf life, and individual sensitivity.
Sources: FDA package inserts; Fasina & Colley (2008) viscosity study; ScienceDirect cottonseed oil overview; PMC sesame oil lignan research.
Important correction to a common error: the dominant omega-6 fatty acid in cottonseed oil is linoleic acid, NOT arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is found primarily in animal fats. Research shows only about 0.2% of dietary linoleic acid is converted to arachidonic acid in the body.
Cottonseed oil naturally contains gossypol, a yellow polyphenol with potential toxicity. However, pharmaceutical-grade cottonseed oil undergoes refining, bleaching, and deodorization that removes gossypol to safe levels. Patients with genuine cotton allergies should work with their prescriber to switch to an alternative carrier.
• Viscosity: Relatively high among injectable carrier oils
• Shelf life: Good — 2+ years with preservatives per compounding pharmacy guidelines
• Established safety record: 60+ years in commercial testosterone cypionate
Sesame oil contains bioactive lignans — specifically sesamin and sesamolin — which are present at approximately 0.5–1.1% sesamin and 0.2–0.6% sesamolin in raw sesame oil. These lignans are confirmed CYP3A4 inhibitors in laboratory studies. Sesamin specifically inhibits CYP3A4 by antagonizing the pregnane X receptor (PXR).
However, an important caveat: these CYP3A4 inhibitory effects are well-established in vitro and in rodent studies using oral ingestion at high doses. Whether the lignan content remaining in pharmaceutical-grade sesame oil — injected in amounts of less than 1 mL per week — produces clinically meaningful CYP3A4 inhibition in humans is not established. Do not assume your sesame oil-based testosterone is pharmacokinetically equivalent to a lignan supplement. [PubMed: Sesamin/CYP3A4 (PMC3356939); Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)]
• Viscosity: Moderate to high — thicker than grapeseed oil
• Shelf life: Good — comparable to cottonseed with preservatives
• Allergy risk: Sesame allergies are recognized and can cause serious reactions; the FDA requires allergen labeling for sesame
Grapeseed oil is favored by many compounding pharmacies and is popular among ExcelMale members, particularly for subcutaneous injections, due to its lower viscosity versus cottonseed and sesame oil. It flows more easily through smaller gauge needles (27–29G).
A practical drawback is its shorter shelf life relative to sesame or cottonseed oil due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are more susceptible to oxidation and rancidity. Compounding pharmacists report effective shelf lives of roughly 3–6 months compared to 2 years for cottonseed oil. [ExcelMale forum: pharmacist discussion]
• Viscosity: Lower than cottonseed or sesame — easier to inject, especially SubQ
• Shelf life: Shorter — oxidizes more readily than other oils
• Allergy risk: Generally low; grapeseed allergies are uncommon
Miglyol 812 (pharmaceutical-grade MCT oil) has been increasingly adopted by compounding pharmacies for testosterone formulations. Its principal advantages are low viscosity — making it the easiest of the oils to inject — and high oxidative stability, which gives it a longer shelf life than grapeseed oil.
One factual clarification that matters: some online content claims Pfizer's Depo-Testosterone uses Miglyol.
This is incorrect. Depo-Testosterone uses cottonseed oil, as confirmed by its FDA package insert.
• Viscosity: Lowest of all common carriers — excellent for fine gauge needles
• Shelf life: High oxidative stability; good shelf life
• Allergy risk: Very low — not derived from seeds; suitable for many patients with plant oil sensitivities
• Availability: Through compounding pharmacies; not currently the carrier in any major commercial testosterone product in the US
Safety note: Some animal studies have raised concerns about direct cardiac and tissue toxicity from ethyl oleate at high doses. However, these are based on direct tissue injection at concentrations not relevant to standard TRT doses. The clinical significance in therapeutic IM/SubQ injections at normal TRT doses appears low, though peer-reviewed human data specific to EO as an injectable carrier is limited. [Massey Drugs clinical overview]
• Viscosity: Very low — easiest to inject of all options
• Shelf life: Good
• Allergy risk: Low; not derived from seeds
Castor oil is not typically used in testosterone cypionate or enanthate compounding due to its high viscosity making injections difficult. Benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, and polyoxyethylated castor oil can all contribute to hypersensitivity reactions with castor oil-based formulations.
• The carrier oil itself (most common)
• Benzyl benzoate (a co-solvent added to improve testosterone solubility in oil)
• Benzyl alcohol (a preservative present in most formulations)
• The testosterone ester (rare)
• Injection technique, needle gauge, or injection site
True IgE-mediated oil allergy is rare but possible for sesame, cottonseed, and other plant-derived oils. Sesame allergy in particular is now recognized as a major food allergen in the US. If you suspect an oil-related reaction, working with your prescriber to try a different carrier is a reasonable first step before abandoning injectable therapy entirely. Switching to MCT oil or ethyl oleate often resolves reactions in patients who are sensitive to plant-derived oils. [Hone Health clinical guide]
Testosterone esters are absorbed from the lipid depot at a rate governed mainly by their ester length. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of approximately 8 days intramuscularly. [DailyMed: Testosterone Cypionate USP label] This does not meaningfully change whether the carrier is cottonseed or grapeseed oil.
The oil viscosity can affect injection comfort and the rate of vial draw, but there is no robust clinical evidence that switching from cottonseed to grapeseed oil, for example, will change your peak testosterone level, trough level, or hematocrit in any meaningful way. Claims to this effect seen in some AI-generated content are not supported by peer-reviewed clinical data.
• Depo-Testosterone (Pfizer) uses cottonseed oil — not Miglyol or any MCT oil
• Delatestryl uses sesame oil
• Compounding pharmacies offer flexibility to use grapeseed, MCT, ethyl oleate, or other carriers on a valid prescription
• Carrier oil reactions are usually to the oil or co-solvents (benzyl benzoate), not the testosterone itself
• Precise statistics about carrier oil effects on E2, hematocrit, or ester cleavage rates cited without peer-reviewed sources should be treated with skepticism
• Your ester type (cypionate vs. enanthate vs. propionate) controls pharmacokinetics far more than your carrier oil
2. Hospira — Testosterone Cypionate Injection label (DailyMed, pharmacokinetics section)
3. ScienceDirect — Cottonseed Oil Overview: fatty acid profile (palmitic ~20–26%, linoleic ~40–55%)
4. PMC/Plant Biology — Cottonseed fatty acid composition genetics (linoleic ~58%, palmitic ~26%)
5. PMC — Health benefits of sesamin on cardiovascular disease (sesamin 0.5-1.1%, sesamolin 0.2-0.6% in raw sesame oil)
6. PMC — Sesamin: CYP3A4 inhibition via PXR antagonism (Lim et al., 2012)
7. Frontiers in Pharmacology — Sesame lignans (sesamol, sesamolin, sesamin) as CYP46A1 inhibitors (2022)
8. PubMed — Sesaminol CYP3A4 inhibition study: IC50 values (CYP3A4 = 0.86 μM)
9. Fasina & Colley, Int. J. Food Properties (2008) — Viscosities of vegetable oils at different temperatures
10. ResearchGate / Hindawi (2014) — Absolute Viscosities of Vegetable Oils (grapeseed, sesame, others)
11. Massey Drugs — Clinical comparison: Ethyl Oleate vs. Grapeseed vs. Cottonseed Oil for testosterone
12. Maximus Tribe — MCTs vs. Seed Oils in Injectable TRT
13. Hone Health — Exploring Alternatives for TRT Injections for Those Allergic to Cottonseed Oil
14. ExcelMale Forum — Testosterone Injection Site Reactions: Grapeseed Oil, Sesame Oil, and Cottonseed Oil Carriers
15. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center — The Truth About Seed Oils (linoleic acid to arachidonic acid conversion ~0.2%)
16. Wikipedia — Cottonseed Oil (fatty acid composition: ~52% polyunsaturated, ~26% saturated)
© Nelson Vergel | ExcelMale.com | For educational purpo
What you will learn:
• What role carrier oils play in injectable testosterone
• The confirmed fatty acid profiles and viscosities of each oil
• Which commercial testosterone products use which oils
• Allergy and tolerability considerations backed by evidence
• How to work with your prescriber or compounding pharmacy to switch oils
Why Carrier Oils Matter
Testosterone esters — including testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, and testosterone undecanoate — are not water-soluble. They must be dissolved in an oil-based vehicle that allows for a slow, sustained release from the injection site into systemic circulation. According to the official package insert for Hospira's testosterone cypionate, 'testosterone esters in oil injected intramuscularly are absorbed slowly from the lipid phase.'The carrier oil affects three things: viscosity (how easy it is to draw and inject), stability (how resistant the formulation is to oxidation and degradation), and tolerability (the likelihood of local reactions or sensitivity at the injection site).
The amount of oil injected per week is quite small — typically 0.5 to 1 mL for a 100–200 mg/mL formulation — so systemic effects from the oil itself are minimal. The practical differences between oils are primarily about injection experience, shelf life, and individual sensitivity.
FDA-Approved Commercial Testosterone Products and Their Carrier Oils
It is important to know what the FDA-approved commercial products actually use. There is a common misconception online that Pfizer's Depo-Testosterone uses Miglyol (MCT oil) — it does not.Testosterone Cypionate — Depo-Testosterone (Pfizer/Pharmacia & Upjohn)
Carrier oil: Cottonseed oil. The official FDA label confirms the inactive ingredients for the 200 mg/mL vial as: cottonseed oil 560 mg, benzyl benzoate 0.2 mL, and benzyl alcohol 9.45 mg as preservative. [FDA/Pfizer package insert]Testosterone Enanthate — Delatestryl (Endo)
Carrier oil: Sesame oil with benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol. Sesame oil has been the carrier for Delatestryl since its original approval and remains so in current labeling.Testosterone Undecanoate — Aveed (Endo)
Carrier oil: Castor oil + benzyl benzoate. Because castor oil (derived from Ricinus communis) contains ~90% ricinoleic acid and is unusually thick, it creates a very slow-releasing depot well-suited for the ultra-long-acting undecanoate ester (dosed every 10 weeks after loading). The FDA mandates a 30-minute observation period after each Aveed injection due to the risk of serious hypersensitivity reactions and pulmonary oil microembolism (POME). [FDA Aveed label (DailyMed)]| Key takeaway for patients If you react to commercial testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone or generics), you are most likely reacting to cottonseed oil or benzyl benzoate — not the testosterone molecule itself. Compounding pharmacies can prepare testosterone cypionate or enanthate in your preferred carrier oil upon a valid prescription. |
A Factual Comparison of the Main Carrier Oils
Carrier Oil Quick-Reference| Oil | Primary Fatty Acids | Relative Viscosity | Key Traits | Common Use in TRT |
| Cottonseed | Linoleic (~55%), Palmitic (~26%) | High | Long safety record; gossypol (removed in refining) | Commercial Depo-Testosterone (Pfizer) |
| Sesame | Oleic (~40%), Linoleic (~42%) | Moderate-High | Lignans (sesamin/sesamolin); antioxidant/anti-inflammatory | Commercial testosterone enanthate (Delatestryl) |
| Grapeseed | Linoleic (~70%), Oleic (~16%) | Moderate | Light, good for SubQ; shorter shelf life | Compounding pharmacies |
| MCT (Miglyol 812) | Caprylic (C8) + Capric (C10) acids | Low | Lowest viscosity; high oxidative stability; not plant oil | Compounding pharmacies; some commercial |
| Ethyl Oleate | Synthetic ester of ethanol + oleic acid | Very Low | Not an oil; synthetic; rapid absorption | Some compounding pharmacies |
| Castor Oil | Ricinoleic acid (~90%) | Very High | Used for testosterone undecanoate (Aveed) | Commercial testosterone undecanoate |
1. Cottonseed Oil
Confirmed fatty acid profile: ~55% linoleic acid, ~26% palmitic acid, ~18% oleic acid. [Plant Biology/BMC (2021); ScienceDirect overview]Important correction to a common error: the dominant omega-6 fatty acid in cottonseed oil is linoleic acid, NOT arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is found primarily in animal fats. Research shows only about 0.2% of dietary linoleic acid is converted to arachidonic acid in the body.
Cottonseed oil naturally contains gossypol, a yellow polyphenol with potential toxicity. However, pharmaceutical-grade cottonseed oil undergoes refining, bleaching, and deodorization that removes gossypol to safe levels. Patients with genuine cotton allergies should work with their prescriber to switch to an alternative carrier.
• Viscosity: Relatively high among injectable carrier oils
• Shelf life: Good — 2+ years with preservatives per compounding pharmacy guidelines
• Established safety record: 60+ years in commercial testosterone cypionate
2. Sesame Oil
Confirmed fatty acid profile: ~40% oleic acid, ~42% linoleic acid. [PubMed: Sesame oil review (PMC7584802)]Sesame oil contains bioactive lignans — specifically sesamin and sesamolin — which are present at approximately 0.5–1.1% sesamin and 0.2–0.6% sesamolin in raw sesame oil. These lignans are confirmed CYP3A4 inhibitors in laboratory studies. Sesamin specifically inhibits CYP3A4 by antagonizing the pregnane X receptor (PXR).
However, an important caveat: these CYP3A4 inhibitory effects are well-established in vitro and in rodent studies using oral ingestion at high doses. Whether the lignan content remaining in pharmaceutical-grade sesame oil — injected in amounts of less than 1 mL per week — produces clinically meaningful CYP3A4 inhibition in humans is not established. Do not assume your sesame oil-based testosterone is pharmacokinetically equivalent to a lignan supplement. [PubMed: Sesamin/CYP3A4 (PMC3356939); Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)]
• Viscosity: Moderate to high — thicker than grapeseed oil
• Shelf life: Good — comparable to cottonseed with preservatives
• Allergy risk: Sesame allergies are recognized and can cause serious reactions; the FDA requires allergen labeling for sesame
3. Grapeseed Oil
Confirmed fatty acid profile: ~70% linoleic acid, ~16% oleic acid, plus a natural vitamin E (tocopherol) content.Grapeseed oil is favored by many compounding pharmacies and is popular among ExcelMale members, particularly for subcutaneous injections, due to its lower viscosity versus cottonseed and sesame oil. It flows more easily through smaller gauge needles (27–29G).
A practical drawback is its shorter shelf life relative to sesame or cottonseed oil due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are more susceptible to oxidation and rancidity. Compounding pharmacists report effective shelf lives of roughly 3–6 months compared to 2 years for cottonseed oil. [ExcelMale forum: pharmacist discussion]
• Viscosity: Lower than cottonseed or sesame — easier to inject, especially SubQ
• Shelf life: Shorter — oxidizes more readily than other oils
• Allergy risk: Generally low; grapeseed allergies are uncommon
4. MCT Oil / Miglyol 812
Composition: A mixture of caprylic acid (C8, ~55%) and capric acid (C10, ~45%) triglycerides. MCT oil is derived from coconut or palm kernel oil — it is not a seed oil. [ResearchGate: Miglyol 812 composition]Miglyol 812 (pharmaceutical-grade MCT oil) has been increasingly adopted by compounding pharmacies for testosterone formulations. Its principal advantages are low viscosity — making it the easiest of the oils to inject — and high oxidative stability, which gives it a longer shelf life than grapeseed oil.
One factual clarification that matters: some online content claims Pfizer's Depo-Testosterone uses Miglyol.
This is incorrect. Depo-Testosterone uses cottonseed oil, as confirmed by its FDA package insert.
• Viscosity: Lowest of all common carriers — excellent for fine gauge needles
• Shelf life: High oxidative stability; good shelf life
• Allergy risk: Very low — not derived from seeds; suitable for many patients with plant oil sensitivities
• Availability: Through compounding pharmacies; not currently the carrier in any major commercial testosterone product in the US
5. Ethyl Oleate (EO)
Ethyl oleate is a synthetic ester — not technically a triglyceride oil — formed from ethanol and oleic acid. It is extremely low in viscosity, even thinner than MCT oil, and is used by some compounding pharmacies as a primary carrier or co-solvent to reduce viscosity in high-concentration formulations.Safety note: Some animal studies have raised concerns about direct cardiac and tissue toxicity from ethyl oleate at high doses. However, these are based on direct tissue injection at concentrations not relevant to standard TRT doses. The clinical significance in therapeutic IM/SubQ injections at normal TRT doses appears low, though peer-reviewed human data specific to EO as an injectable carrier is limited. [Massey Drugs clinical overview]
• Viscosity: Very low — easiest to inject of all options
• Shelf life: Good
• Allergy risk: Low; not derived from seeds
6. Castor Oil
Castor oil is uniquely thick — far more viscous than any other carrier discussed here — due to its ~90% ricinoleic acid content. Its primary use in TRT is as the carrier for testosterone undecanoate (Aveed), where its extreme viscosity helps create the very slow release depot needed for the long-acting undecanoate ester.Castor oil is not typically used in testosterone cypionate or enanthate compounding due to its high viscosity making injections difficult. Benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, and polyoxyethylated castor oil can all contribute to hypersensitivity reactions with castor oil-based formulations.
Managing Injection Site Reactions and Allergies
Injection site reactions — redness, itching, warmth, or nodules at the injection site — are one of the most common reasons men on TRT contact their prescriber. These reactions can stem from multiple sources:• The carrier oil itself (most common)
• Benzyl benzoate (a co-solvent added to improve testosterone solubility in oil)
• Benzyl alcohol (a preservative present in most formulations)
• The testosterone ester (rare)
• Injection technique, needle gauge, or injection site
True IgE-mediated oil allergy is rare but possible for sesame, cottonseed, and other plant-derived oils. Sesame allergy in particular is now recognized as a major food allergen in the US. If you suspect an oil-related reaction, working with your prescriber to try a different carrier is a reasonable first step before abandoning injectable therapy entirely. Switching to MCT oil or ethyl oleate often resolves reactions in patients who are sensitive to plant-derived oils. [Hone Health clinical guide]
| Practical Allergy Troubleshooting Steps 1. Document your reaction with photos and timing relative to injection (immediate vs. delayed) 2. Ask your prescriber to switch you to a compounding pharmacy formulation using a different carrier (e.g., grapeseed, MCT, or EO) 3. If switching oils doesn't help, ask about removing benzyl benzoate or benzyl alcohol from the formulation 4. Consider non-injectable alternatives (gels, creams, pellets, or oral testosterone undecanoate) if injectable reactions persist across multiple formulations |
What Actually Affects Testosterone Pharmacokinetics — The Ester Matters Far More
A frequent misconception is that changing the carrier oil dramatically changes how testosterone is absorbed or what your serum levels look like. In reality, the research is clear: pharmacokinetics are primarily driven by the testosterone ester (cypionate, enanthate, propionate, undecanoate), not by the carrier oil.Testosterone esters are absorbed from the lipid depot at a rate governed mainly by their ester length. Testosterone cypionate has a half-life of approximately 8 days intramuscularly. [DailyMed: Testosterone Cypionate USP label] This does not meaningfully change whether the carrier is cottonseed or grapeseed oil.
The oil viscosity can affect injection comfort and the rate of vial draw, but there is no robust clinical evidence that switching from cottonseed to grapeseed oil, for example, will change your peak testosterone level, trough level, or hematocrit in any meaningful way. Claims to this effect seen in some AI-generated content are not supported by peer-reviewed clinical data.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does the carrier oil affect my estradiol (E2) levels?
There is no clinical evidence that switching between carrier oils — including from a plant oil to MCT — produces meaningful changes in serum estradiol at standard TRT doses. Some in vitro and animal research has explored MCT effects on aromatase activity, but no peer-reviewed clinical trial has established a 'Miglyol reduces E2' effect in men on TRT. Estradiol is primarily determined by testosterone dose, individual aromatase activity, body fat percentage, and genetics.Is grapeseed oil better because it's lower viscosity?
Lower viscosity makes injections easier, especially for subcutaneous administration with fine-gauge needles. That's a real and practical benefit. However, grapeseed oil's higher polyunsaturated fat content makes it more prone to oxidation. If you store your vials for a long time or live in a warm climate, grapeseed oil formulations may degrade faster than sesame or cottonseed oil. MCT oil offers the best of both worlds: low viscosity AND high oxidative stability.Is MCT oil the 'healthiest' carrier?
In the context of injectable TRT, 'healthiest' is not a meaningful distinction — you are injecting less than 1 mL of pharmaceutical-grade oil per week. The amount is too small to have significant systemic nutritional effects regardless of fatty acid composition. MCT oil's real advantage is practical: low viscosity and good stability. The health claims sometimes made about dietary MCT oil do not automatically translate to TRT carrier oil context.Can I request a specific carrier oil from my compounding pharmacy?
Yes. Compounding pharmacies can prepare testosterone cypionate or enanthate in virtually any pharmaceutical-grade carrier oil upon a valid prescription. Common options include grapeseed oil, sesame oil, MCT oil (Miglyol 812), and ethyl oleate, sometimes in blends. Discuss your preferences and any known sensitivities with your prescribing provider so they can write the prescription accordingly.Conclusion
The carrier oil in your testosterone formulation is a practical consideration — primarily for injection comfort, shelf life, and managing individual sensitivities. It is not a major driver of therapeutic outcomes. The key facts to remember:• Depo-Testosterone (Pfizer) uses cottonseed oil — not Miglyol or any MCT oil
• Delatestryl uses sesame oil
• Compounding pharmacies offer flexibility to use grapeseed, MCT, ethyl oleate, or other carriers on a valid prescription
• Carrier oil reactions are usually to the oil or co-solvents (benzyl benzoate), not the testosterone itself
• Precise statistics about carrier oil effects on E2, hematocrit, or ester cleavage rates cited without peer-reviewed sources should be treated with skepticism
• Your ester type (cypionate vs. enanthate vs. propionate) controls pharmacokinetics far more than your carrier oil
| Medical Disclaimer This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before starting or modifying any hormone therapy or medical treatment. |
References (Clickable)
1. Pfizer/Pharmacia & Upjohn — Depo-Testosterone FDA Package Insert (cottonseed oil confirmed)2. Hospira — Testosterone Cypionate Injection label (DailyMed, pharmacokinetics section)
3. ScienceDirect — Cottonseed Oil Overview: fatty acid profile (palmitic ~20–26%, linoleic ~40–55%)
4. PMC/Plant Biology — Cottonseed fatty acid composition genetics (linoleic ~58%, palmitic ~26%)
5. PMC — Health benefits of sesamin on cardiovascular disease (sesamin 0.5-1.1%, sesamolin 0.2-0.6% in raw sesame oil)
6. PMC — Sesamin: CYP3A4 inhibition via PXR antagonism (Lim et al., 2012)
7. Frontiers in Pharmacology — Sesame lignans (sesamol, sesamolin, sesamin) as CYP46A1 inhibitors (2022)
8. PubMed — Sesaminol CYP3A4 inhibition study: IC50 values (CYP3A4 = 0.86 μM)
9. Fasina & Colley, Int. J. Food Properties (2008) — Viscosities of vegetable oils at different temperatures
10. ResearchGate / Hindawi (2014) — Absolute Viscosities of Vegetable Oils (grapeseed, sesame, others)
11. Massey Drugs — Clinical comparison: Ethyl Oleate vs. Grapeseed vs. Cottonseed Oil for testosterone
12. Maximus Tribe — MCTs vs. Seed Oils in Injectable TRT
13. Hone Health — Exploring Alternatives for TRT Injections for Those Allergic to Cottonseed Oil
14. ExcelMale Forum — Testosterone Injection Site Reactions: Grapeseed Oil, Sesame Oil, and Cottonseed Oil Carriers
15. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center — The Truth About Seed Oils (linoleic acid to arachidonic acid conversion ~0.2%)
16. Wikipedia — Cottonseed Oil (fatty acid composition: ~52% polyunsaturated, ~26% saturated)
© Nelson Vergel | ExcelMale.com | For educational purpo
