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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The role of testosterone, the AR, and HPG axis in depression in aging Men
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<blockquote data-quote="madman" data-source="post: 239133" data-attributes="member: 13851"><p><strong>Fig. 1 <u>Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, testicular synthesis of androgens, and physiological actions of testosterone resulting from androgen receptor signaling in targeted tissues</u>. The complex, multilevel regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is mediated by stimulatory and inhibitory neurocircuits acting on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the arcuate/infundibular nucleus and medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Testosterone secreted by the testis exerts negative feedback control of hypothalamic GnRH release, while estradiol formed by 5α-reductase conversion of testosterone exerts negative feedback control of anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Synthesis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the testis is stimulated by LH activating G protein-coupled LH receptors in Leydig cells. ACTH-stimulated synthesis of DHEA, 5-Adiol and androstenedione by adrenocortical cells may contribute to the testicular synthesis of testosterone and DHT via the “backdoor” pathway, although some studies indicate that DHEA and 5-Adiol secreted by the adrenal cortex may serve as substrates for peripheral conversion of testosterone by androgen receptor-regulated target tissues. Testosterone and DHT secreted by the testis bind to and activate the androgen receptor (AR) expressed in peripheral organs and the central nervous system. The slower genomic actions resulting from classical, canonical androgen receptor signaling involve the dissociation of cytosolic AR from heat shock proteins, translocation of AR with chaperones to the nucleus, and then binding of AR and co-regulators to androgen response elements on target genes to activate or repress their expression. In contrast, rapid, non-genomic actions result in membrane androgen receptors signaling via downstream Akt and ERK-MAP kinase pathways. The complex mechanisms governing testosterone hormone action regulate many physiological systems, modulate clinical disorders, and contribute to health outcomes. The dotted line indicates an inhibitory action, while the solid line indicates a stimulatory action.</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]26893[/ATTACH]</strong></p><p><strong>[ATTACH=full]26894[/ATTACH]</strong></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="madman, post: 239133, member: 13851"] [B]Fig. 1 [U]Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, testicular synthesis of androgens, and physiological actions of testosterone resulting from androgen receptor signaling in targeted tissues[/U]. The complex, multilevel regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is mediated by stimulatory and inhibitory neurocircuits acting on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the arcuate/infundibular nucleus and medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Testosterone secreted by the testis exerts negative feedback control of hypothalamic GnRH release, while estradiol formed by 5α-reductase conversion of testosterone exerts negative feedback control of anterior pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Synthesis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the testis is stimulated by LH activating G protein-coupled LH receptors in Leydig cells. ACTH-stimulated synthesis of DHEA, 5-Adiol and androstenedione by adrenocortical cells may contribute to the testicular synthesis of testosterone and DHT via the “backdoor” pathway, although some studies indicate that DHEA and 5-Adiol secreted by the adrenal cortex may serve as substrates for peripheral conversion of testosterone by androgen receptor-regulated target tissues. Testosterone and DHT secreted by the testis bind to and activate the androgen receptor (AR) expressed in peripheral organs and the central nervous system. The slower genomic actions resulting from classical, canonical androgen receptor signaling involve the dissociation of cytosolic AR from heat shock proteins, translocation of AR with chaperones to the nucleus, and then binding of AR and co-regulators to androgen response elements on target genes to activate or repress their expression. In contrast, rapid, non-genomic actions result in membrane androgen receptors signaling via downstream Akt and ERK-MAP kinase pathways. The complex mechanisms governing testosterone hormone action regulate many physiological systems, modulate clinical disorders, and contribute to health outcomes. The dotted line indicates an inhibitory action, while the solid line indicates a stimulatory action. [ATTACH type="full"]26893[/ATTACH] [ATTACH type="full"]26894[/ATTACH][/B] [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone and Men's Health Articles
The role of testosterone, the AR, and HPG axis in depression in aging Men
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