Potential Cardiovascular and Metabolic Beneficial Effects of ω-3 PUFA in MOSH Syndrome

[madman]

Potential Cardiovascular and Metabolic Beneficial Effects of ω-3 PUFA in Male Obesity Secondary Hypogonadism Syndrome




Abstract: Long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are fundamental bio components of lipids and cell membranes. They are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and they are able to exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Thanks to their potential beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, metabolic axis, and body composition, we have examined their action in subjects affected by male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) syndrome. MOSH syndrome is characterized by the presence of obesity associated with the alteration of sexual and metabolic functions. Therefore, this review article aims to analyze scientific literature regarding the possible benefits of ω-3 PUFA administration in subjects affected by MOSH syndrome. We conclude that there is strong evidence supporting ω-3 PUFA administration and/or supplementation for the treatment and management of MOSH patients.







5. Summary and Future Perspectives

In conclusion, there seems to be evidence that ω-3 PUFA consumption may be clinically beneficial in the treatment and clinical management of MOSH patients. The ability of ω-3 PUFAs to act on some pathological aspects of MOSH, such as obesity, inflammation, metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, coupled with their optimal safety profile, leads us to the postulation that ω-3 PUFA assumption could be a valuable tool in ameliorating the clinical manifestations of MOSH syndrome.

In pursuance to assess this conclusion in a definitive manner and in order to define the most advantageous dosage, randomized clinical trials on a large population sample are required. Moreover, it would be interesting and useful to conduct experimental studies exploring the possible effects of ω-3 PUFA consumption on hormone profile, on the sexual sphere (T concentrations), and on body composition.

 

[madman]

Table 1. Main dietary sources of ω-3 fatty acids.

Table.2 Main dietary sources of ω-6 fatty acids.

 

[madman]

Figure 1. Impact of male obesity secondary hypogonadism (MOSH) syndrome on body composition, lipid profile, and metabolic pathways. Abbreviations: TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, interleukin; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease

 

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Table 3. Studies on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease

Abbreviations: AA, arachidonic acid; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; BP, blood pressure; CMR, Cardiac Magnetic Resonance; CV, Cardiovascular; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LA, linoleic acid; MI, myocardial infarction; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; RBP4, retinol-binding protein 4, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.

 

[madman]

Table 4. Studies on the impact of PUFA consumption on body weight.

Abbreviations: ALA, α-linolenic acid; ARA, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; FO, fish oil; GRS, genetic risk score; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus

 

[madman]

Table 5. Studies on PUFAs and metabolic axis

Abbreviations: Akt- mTOR, protein kinase B- mammalian target of rapamycin; BAT, brown adipose tissue; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; CV, cardiovascular; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid; FM, fat mass; GLUT-4, glucose transporter type-4; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HOMA-ir, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; IL-18, interleukin-18; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α; VAS, visual analog scale WAT, white adipose tissue.