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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
Testosterone Basics & Questions
Penis smaller after TRT
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<blockquote data-quote="Simbarn" data-source="post: 247428" data-attributes="member: 44021"><p>Thank you.</p><p></p><p>"I do find that unwanted effects like tight scrotum seem to be more prevalent with age, i dont recall ever having a tight package when i was doing 250mg sustanon on one shot"</p><p></p><p>This study (I have attached) which has been performed with rodents, I found relevant to the age related changes that may also occur in humans concerning sympathetic function in the penis and most likely in the rest of our peripheral vascular system. Owing to the penis having much less tolerance to these changes, it may be evident earlier due to a noticeable decline in erectile performance. </p><p>This sympathetic hyperactivity which appears to manifest around middle age is thought to be caused by oxidative stress in these tissues (and others). </p><p></p><p>"In the healthy state, there is a balance between ROS production and elimination, which is performed by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants agents such as SOD, catalase, peroxidase, and vitamins C and E. Oxidative stress occurs when the antioxidant capacity is diminished and/or ROS production is increased, causing an imbalance between ROS production and elimination in favour of their production".</p><p></p><p>This increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which therefore exacerbates oxidative stress is thought to impair the biological activity of Nitric oxide and soluble guanylyl cyclase, subsequently enhancing sympathetic neurotransmission.</p><p></p><p>This is a different etiology than that we have been discussing with excessive testosterone. However, put together may cause significant erectile difficulties in the aging male. The sympathetic elevation that a young man may experience from excessive testosterone may or may not not be enough to cause ED or the appearance of overly tight/shrunken genitals, but in an older male this may be a very different story, given aging has already amplified this activity.</p><p></p><p>One study I have read suggests that resistance to free radicals could be diminished when exposed to high levels of testosterone also, that is ROS and oxidative stress would then be elevated. This could mean testosterone when in excess may also work on a similar pathway in this regard to up-regulating sympathetic activity via an increase in oxidative stress, not just by increased mRNA expression for alpha-1a adrenoceptors.</p><p></p><p>It is not just the adrenergic pathway that is of interest here: The RhoA/Rho-kinase signalling pathway has great influence on the inhibitory mechanisms in the penis. I have also included an interesting study on diabetic mice which focuses more on the Rho-kinase pathway and oxidative stress. It is also speculated that this pathway may become up-regulated due to the effects of oxidative stress in the erectile tissues. Subjects with diabetes are known to have elevated levels of oxidative stress and much research is being carried out on them in regard to ED, diabetes being a high risk factor for ED.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Simbarn, post: 247428, member: 44021"] Thank you. "I do find that unwanted effects like tight scrotum seem to be more prevalent with age, i dont recall ever having a tight package when i was doing 250mg sustanon on one shot" This study (I have attached) which has been performed with rodents, I found relevant to the age related changes that may also occur in humans concerning sympathetic function in the penis and most likely in the rest of our peripheral vascular system. Owing to the penis having much less tolerance to these changes, it may be evident earlier due to a noticeable decline in erectile performance. This sympathetic hyperactivity which appears to manifest around middle age is thought to be caused by oxidative stress in these tissues (and others). "In the healthy state, there is a balance between ROS production and elimination, which is performed by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants agents such as SOD, catalase, peroxidase, and vitamins C and E. Oxidative stress occurs when the antioxidant capacity is diminished and/or ROS production is increased, causing an imbalance between ROS production and elimination in favour of their production". This increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which therefore exacerbates oxidative stress is thought to impair the biological activity of Nitric oxide and soluble guanylyl cyclase, subsequently enhancing sympathetic neurotransmission. This is a different etiology than that we have been discussing with excessive testosterone. However, put together may cause significant erectile difficulties in the aging male. The sympathetic elevation that a young man may experience from excessive testosterone may or may not not be enough to cause ED or the appearance of overly tight/shrunken genitals, but in an older male this may be a very different story, given aging has already amplified this activity. One study I have read suggests that resistance to free radicals could be diminished when exposed to high levels of testosterone also, that is ROS and oxidative stress would then be elevated. This could mean testosterone when in excess may also work on a similar pathway in this regard to up-regulating sympathetic activity via an increase in oxidative stress, not just by increased mRNA expression for alpha-1a adrenoceptors. It is not just the adrenergic pathway that is of interest here: The RhoA/Rho-kinase signalling pathway has great influence on the inhibitory mechanisms in the penis. I have also included an interesting study on diabetic mice which focuses more on the Rho-kinase pathway and oxidative stress. It is also speculated that this pathway may become up-regulated due to the effects of oxidative stress in the erectile tissues. Subjects with diabetes are known to have elevated levels of oxidative stress and much research is being carried out on them in regard to ED, diabetes being a high risk factor for ED. [/QUOTE]
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Testosterone Replacement, Low T, HCG, & Beyond
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Penis smaller after TRT
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